A hypothesis to explain the potential influence of hormones on the severity of autism spectrum conditions in women

Abstract

Autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) in women are characterized by anxiety, social interaction differences, general exhaustion, depression, repetitive behaviors, problems in executive functions, and physical problems, such as endocrine and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions. Therefore, ASCs can significantly impact daily life. The hypothesis presented herein addresses the role of dopamine, serotonin, insulin, estrogen, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, and aldosterone in ASCs. Furthermore, co-occurring conditions, such as hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, were considered and integrated into the hypothesis. It is hypothesized that differences in the severity of ASCs during the lifespan of women on the autism spectrum can be due to metabolic and hormonal influences. It is predicted that estrogen deficiency can increase ASCs and co-occurring conditions in women via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and insulinergic pathways. It is important to understand the factors and mechanisms that contribute to and influence ASCs to provide adequate support for autistic individuals. The potential supporting role of chaste trees, N-acetylcysteine, magnesium, dextromethorphan, palmitoylethanolamide, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and betaine in ASCs will be addressed in the context of the proposed hypothesis.