Abstract
The current strategy reports a highly sensitive and selective square wave-cathodic stripping voltammetric protocol for malathion determination. The established method was based on the controlled adsorptive accumulation of malathion in the presence of Cu2+ ions in an aqueous solution of pH 2 onto the hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE) and measuring the resulting cathodic peak current of the adsorbed species at −0.42 V versus Ag/AgCl electrode. The low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of malathion of the assay were estimated to be 3.1 × 10−10 and 1.03 × 10−9 M with a linear dynamic range of 1.03×10−9 – 2.0 × 10−7 M, respectively. The method was satisfactorily applied and validated for malathion determination in environmental samples. The experimental Student texp and Fexp values did not exceed the tabulated ttab (2.78) and Ftab (6.39) at 95% (P = 0.05) confidence (n = 5), confirming the precision and independence on the matrix. The developed sensing platform for the detection of malathion shows superior performance to conventional electrochemical methods. The proposed sensor offered simple, economical, reproducible, and applicable approach for the determination of malathion in environmental samples.
Highlights
Nowadays, pesticides are inevitably used in agriculture to improve the quality of products and resist various pests
The current strategy is aimed at (i) studying the redox characteristics of malathion at the hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE); (ii) assigning the most probable electrochemical catalytic reduction mechanism of malathion by Cu2+ at HMDE; (iii) developing a simple and low-cost electrochemical probe for malathion determination based on its electrocatalytic reduction by Cu2+ ions in combination with square wavecathodic stripping voltammetry (SW-CSV); and (iv) applying the established assay for malathion determination in environmental samples
Under the optimized deposition potential and accumulation time, the test solution was purged with N2 gas, stirred for 3–5 min, and left for 10.0 s quiescence time, and the corresponding SW-CSV was recorded under the optimized parameters of accumulation by applying a negative potential scan from − 0.2 to − 1.0 V. e corresponding cathodic peak currents at − 0.42 V versus Ag/AgCl were measured after correction of the background current of the blank. ese results were further used for the construction of the calibration plot
Summary
Pesticides are inevitably used in agriculture to improve the quality of products and resist various pests. Us, the development of the low-cost and selective protocol for trace determination of malathion in environmental samples is of great importance [8, 10]. Us, the request for a simple, selective, cost-effective, and reliable strategy for trace determination of malathion residues in its formulations, soil, food products, and water is crucial and highly needful [30, 31]. The current strategy is aimed at (i) studying the redox characteristics of malathion at the HMDE; (ii) assigning the most probable electrochemical catalytic reduction mechanism of malathion by Cu2+ at HMDE; (iii) developing a simple and low-cost electrochemical probe for malathion determination based on its electrocatalytic reduction by Cu2+ ions in combination with square wavecathodic stripping voltammetry (SW-CSV); and (iv) applying the established assay for malathion determination in environmental samples (water, soil, plants, and pesticide commercial formulations). To the best of our knowledge, the proposed methodology represents the first application of the electrocatalytic reduction effect of Cu2+ ions on the malathion determination in environmental samples
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