A high-throughput virulence screening method for the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex

Abstract

Ralstonia solanacearum species complex strains are the causative agents for wilting diseases of many plants, including the economically important brown rot of potato. We developed a high-throughput virulence screen that is implemented in 96-well microtiter plates using seedlings grown in soft water agar to save space, effort, and resources. Nicotiana glutinosa was determined to be the most effective host for this assay, and we confirmed bacterial growth and systemic spread in inoculated seedlings. In our assay, N. glutinosa seeds were sown quickly and easily on top of individual water agar wells of a 96-well plate by pipetting out desired number of seeds in an aqueous suspension. They were inoculated on the same day by first touching a bacterial colony with an autoclaved toothpick and then stabbing the toothpick into the center of the water agar well. Such inoculation method resulted in inocula above a threshold of 2 × 104 CFU per well achieving consistent virulence results and enabling reduction of inoculum preparation efforts to facilitate high-throughput screening. Our assay is suitable for forward genetic screening of a large number of strains, isolates or mutants for disease symptoms under both cool (20 °C) and warm (28 °C) temperature conditions before detailed studies can be narrowed down to a manageable number of desired candidates. Our virulence screen method provides a valuable tool for future work in understanding genetics of virulence of Rssc, especially cool virulence of the highly regulated race 3 biovar 2 group of R. solanacearum, leading toward development of effective control strategies.