Abstract
The natural and semi-natural areas within cities provide important refuges for biodiversity, as well as many benefits to people. To study urban ecology and quantify the benefits of urban ecosystems, we need to understand the spatial extent and configuration of different types of vegetated cover within a city. It is challenging to map urban ecosystems because they are typically small and highly fragmented; thus requiring high resolution satellite images. This article describes a new high-resolution map of land cover for the tropical city-state of Singapore. We used images from WorldView and QuickBird satellites, and classified these images using random forest machine learning and supplementary datasets into 12 terrestrial land classes. Close to 50 % of Singapore’s land cover is vegetated while freshwater fills about 6 %, and the rest is bare or built up. The overall accuracy of the map was 79 % and the class-specific errors are described in detail. Tropical regions such as Singapore have a lot of cloud cover year-round, complicating the process of mapping using satellite imagery. The land cover map provided here will have applications for urban biodiversity studies, ecosystem service quantification, and natural capital assessment.
Highlights
The environmental changes brought by urbanization have substantially altered the ecology of the areas affected [2]
High resolution satellite images with finer than ten meters of precision can be useful in the studies of urban areas as these
Some examples of small patches of ecosystems found in urban areas are trees and shrubs growing by the road, patches of turf, and rivers and canals flowing through the city
Summary
Urbanization has progressed rapidly since the 20th Century, due to both urban population growth and migration from rural areas. To study urban ecosystems across a city, they must first be mapped. High resolution satellite images with finer than ten meters of precision can be useful in the studies of urban areas as these. Some examples of small patches of ecosystems found in urban areas are trees and shrubs growing by the road, patches of turf, and rivers and canals flowing through the city. Must the map show vegetated areas in a city, it should distinguish between different types of vegetation for ecosystem quantifications. The resulting dataset indicates the current extent of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in Singapore, providing a base layer to be used in future urban ecological research or quantification of urban ecosystem services in the city
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