Abstract
A high-molecular-weight flame retardant, bis[tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium] (THPS)-urean-(PO3)(NH4)2, was synthesized for cotton fabrics. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirmed that (THPS-urea)n-(PO3)(NH4)2 effectively infiltrated the fibers and grafted onto cellulose through N–P(=O)–O–C covalent bonds. The fabric treated with 30 wt% of (THPS-urea)n-(PO3)(NH4)2 (C30) had a limiting oxygen index of 46.8 %. Even after 50 laundering cycles according to the AATCC 61-2013 3A standard, C30 maintained a limiting oxygen index of 39.8 %. Thermogravimetric-Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetry, and cone calorimetry tests revealed that C30 exhibited excellent flame retardancy. Upon exposure to flame, C30 formed a stable char layer, which prevented the spread of heat and combustible gases. Additionally, C30 was free of formaldehyde, making it suitable for producing infant textiles. After grafting with the flame retardant, C30 retained its mechanical properties. The high-molecular-weight flame retardant enhanced the flame resistance and durability of cotton materials owing to its numerous N–P(=O) (ONH4)2 groups, which facilitated a condensed-phase flame retardancy mechanism.
Published Version
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