Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mounting evidence suggests the emerging important role of circadian rhythms in many diseases. Circadian rhythm disruption is considered to contribute to both T2DM and AD. Here, we review the relationship among circadian rhythm disruption, T2DM and AD, and suggest that the occurrence and progression of T2DM and AD may in part be associated with circadian disruption. Then, we summarize the promising therapeutic strategies targeting circadian dysfunction for T2DM and AD, including pharmacological treatment such as melatonin, orexin, and circadian molecules, as well as non-pharmacological treatments like light therapy, feeding behavior, and exercise.
Highlights
There are 40 million people suffering from dementia all over the world, which is estimated to double every 20 years until at least 2050, adding a tremendous burden to the economy and health worldwide [1]
(72%), BMAL1 protein (34%; but not mRNA), Per2 mRNA (17%) in WAT, while no difference was found in Cry1 in WAT, compared with db/+ mice
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [197]
Summary
There are 40 million people suffering from dementia all over the world, which is estimated to double every 20 years until at least 2050, adding a tremendous burden to the economy and health worldwide [1]. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which has presented one of the greatest healthcare challenges of the 20th and 21st centuries. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common metabolic disease, characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, combined with relative insulin deficiency. The number of T2DM patients is increasing worldwide and is estimated to rise to 642 million by 2040, causing severe public health challenges [3]. One meta-analysis in 2017 included over 17 original studies with more than 1.7 million participants and estimated that the relative risk of AD in diabetic patients was 1.36 (95% CI 1.18–1.53) in western populations and 1.62 (95% CI 1.49–1.75) in eastern populations [5].
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