Abstract
Coupling single-carrier networks into multi-carrier energy systems (MESs) has recently become more important. Conventional load flow models for the separate single-carrier networks are not able to capture the full extend of the coupling. Recently, different models for multi-carrier energy networks have been proposed, either using the energy hub (EH) concept, or using a case specific approach. Although the EH concept can be applied to a general MES, it is unclear how the EH should be represented in the graph of the MES. On the other hand, the case specific approaches are not easily applicable to general MESs. This paper presents a graph-based framework for steady-state load flow analysis of general MESs. Furthermore, the effect of coupling on the resulting integrated system of equations is investigated. The proposed framework is validated using a small MES. This example shows that our framework is applicable to a general MES, and that it generalizes both the EH concept and the case specific approach.
Highlights
Multi-carrier energy systems (MESs) have recently become more important, as the need for efficient, reliable, and low carbon energy systems increases
The energy hub (EH) concept can be applied to a general multi-carrier energy systems (MESs), it is unclear how the EH should be represented in the graph of the MES
The proposed framework is validated using a small MES. This example shows that our framework is applicable to a general MES, and that it generalizes both the EH concept and the case specific approach
Summary
Multi-carrier energy systems (MESs) have recently become more important, as the need for efficient, reliable, and low carbon energy systems increases. Not all com binations of load flow equations and BCs for such integrated energy systems (consisting of gas, electricity, and heat) lead to well-posed problems. In this work we give a thorough mathematical analysis of the required BCs. Based on the systematic analysis of the SCNs and on the thorough analysis of the BCs, we propose a new graph-based model framework for steady-state load flow problems of general MESs. A comprehensive definition of a single-carrier energy system as a SCN, with corre sponding load flow models for the network elements, allows for a sys tematic analysis of coupling SCNs into MCN. The proposed framework includes and extends the currently avail able load flow models for MES It provides guidelines for combining SC gas, electricity, and heat networks into one MCN, such that the resulting integrated system of load flow equations is (uniquely) solvable.
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