Abstract
Background:The incidence of hypertension has been increasing in the past decade. Little is known regarding the relationship between hypertension and human development index (HDI).Objectives:The objective is to identify the relationship between the prevalence of hypertension and human development index (HDI).Methods:An ecological study was conducted. The data from World Health Organization reports and United Nations Development Programme reports for 182 countries, including the HDI values, rates of tobacco use, physical inactivity, alcohol use, and salt intake. The Generalized Additive Models were implemented to assess the association between the prevalence of hypertension and the HDI.Results:Among 182 countries, the prevalence of hypertension ranged from 13% to 41%. The highest HDI value was 0.949 and the lowest was 0.352. In model 1, statistically significant associations were found in three populations, the largest R2 was 0.245. In model 2, the largest R2 was 0.485. In linear part, there was negative relationship in female population, while HDI was associated with prevalence of hypertension in all three populations, which was explained by spline function. The curve indicated that there were three intervals from low to high HDI. From 0 to 0.6 and 0.8 to 1, an evident decreasing trend of prevalence was found, while the rate increased when HDI was in the interval of 0.6 to 0.8.Conclusions:In this study, we identified the association between the prevalence of hypertension and the HDI and the underlying pattern of the relationship. The findings will aid the planning of hypertension control priorities and provide suggestions for interventions.
Highlights
The incidence of hypertension has been increasing in the past decade
The human development index (HDI) is estimated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and is an indicator of human capabilities within a country
In total, data from 182 countries were included in this study, the hypertension prevalence ranged from 13.0% to 41.0% and the HDI values were from 0.352 to 0.949
Summary
The incidence of hypertension has been increasing in the past decade. Little is known regarding the relationship between hypertension and human development index (HDI). Objectives: The objective is to identify the relationship between the prevalence of hypertension and human development index (HDI). Human development index (HDI) is universally used to assess the burden in countries in transition, which was suggested to be implacable for public health improvement and health resources allocation [6, 7]. It is a summary measure of average achievement in three key dimensions of human development: living a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable, and having a decent standard of living. Each of the three dimensions is calculated using the geometric mean of normalised indices
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