Abstract
The North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) is a vital groundwater source in a notably water-scarce region. However, impetuous agricultural expansion and poor resource management (e.g., over-irrigation, inefficient techniques) over the past decades have raised a number of challenges. In this exploratory study, we introduce an open access GIS-based model to help answer selected timely questions related to the agriculture, water and energy nexus in the region. First, the model uses spatial and tabular data to identify the location and extent of irrigated cropland. Then, it employs spatially explicit climatic datasets and mathematical formulation to estimate water and electricity requirements for groundwater irrigation in all identified locations. Finally, it evaluates selected supply options to meet the electricity demand and suggests the least-cost configuration in each location. Results indicate that full irrigation in the basin requires ~3.25 billion million m3 per year. This translates to ~730 GWh of electricity. Fossil fuels do provide the least-cost electricity supply option due to lower capital and subsidized operating costs. Hence, to improve the competitiveness of renewable technologies (RT) (i.e., solar), a support scheme to drop the capital cost of RTs is critically needed. Finally, moving towards drip irrigation can lead to ~47% of water abstraction savings in the NWSAS area.
Highlights
The 2030 Agenda, set forth by the United Nations for sustainable development, aims, among other things, at achieving zero hunger
This study shows that the annual irrigation water requirement in the entire North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) reaches 3.25 billion m3
Our analysis indicates that improvements to the irrigation system with the introduction of drip irrigation have the potential to reduce the water abstraction rate by up to 47%, which, in terms of volume, means an average saving of about ~5500 m3/ha per year
Summary
The 2030 Agenda, set forth by the United Nations for sustainable development, aims, among other things, at achieving zero hunger. SDG6.3 calls for implementing integrated water resources management, including through transboundary cooperation and SDG7, which focus on access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy [1]. The interdependencies between these systems, which are known as water-energy and food nexus, are complex [2], and the situation might be even more complex if coupled with climate change, droughts, floods, water quality and transboundary water management in water-scarce regions.
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