A ghost imaging framework based on laser mode speckle pattern for underwater environments

Abstract

Due to the complex physical processes found in underwater environments, such as absorption, scattering, and noise, it is challenging to obtain high-quality images using conventional camera-based imaging techniques. Ghost imaging possesses strong anti-interference capabilities and can effectively obtain images in underwater environments. Here, we propose a ghost imaging framework based on a physical model of M2-ordered laser mode patterns and apply it to Ghost Imaging. The simulation results show that the Laser Mode Speckle Ghost Imaging can reconstruct the overall trapped contour even at a low sampling rate, specifically below 0.64%. A high-quality image with a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio of 19 dB can be achieved using the Laser Mode Speckle Ghost Imaging when the sampling rate is 5%. Even with a relative random noise of 1.0%–5.0%, the imaging quality of Laser Mode Speckle Ghost Imaging is superior to that of Random speckle pattern Ghost Imaging, Walsh speckle pattern Ghost Imaging, and Haar speckle pattern Ghost Imaging when the sampling rate consistent. Our experimental results in a turbid water environment confirm the conclusions drawn from the simulation results. The proposed Laser Mode Speckle Ghost Imaging can be used as an imaging solution in challenging liquid environments, such as turbid liquids, inclement weather, and biological tissue fluids.