Abstract
The growing integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) and the increasing trend of shutting down fossil-fuel-based power plants has brought about the need for additional flexibility in energy systems. This flexibility can be provided in various forms, including controllable generation and consumption, storage, conversions, and exchanges with interconnected systems. In this context, an increasing focus is placed on the development of smart energy systems (SESs) that combine different types of distributed energy resources (DERs), information and communication technologies (ICTs), demand side management (DSM), and energy conversion technologies. The utilization of SESs can lead to multiple benefits for the stakeholders involved; therefore, the assessment of their performance is a primary concern. Due to their multidisciplinary nature, there are no known or universally accepted standards for assessing the performance of SESs. Previous efforts only define key performance indicators (KPIs) for individual homogeneous subsystems, focusing on a specific SES type and application area. This paper focuses on the development of a novel comprehensive KPI framework that can be applied to any type of SES, regardless of the application area. The proposed framework consists of four layers that specify the application area, the main SES requirements, and the involved stakeholders’ objectives. Next, the KPIs are identified for each of the stakeholders’ objectives. The proposed KPI framework is applied to the use case of a European research project with different application areas, to demonstrate its features. Finally, a repository of KPIs is identified for each use case with respect to the aforementioned SES requirements.
Highlights
Objectives related to the grid are of main concern for the Austrian and Swiss pilots, while the Swedish case focuses on the aspects of interoperability and model accuracy
This study presents a robust key performance indicators (KPIs) framework for the evaluation of smart energy systems” (SESs) installed in application areas of different scales
The procedure for the determination of suitable KPIs is based on four main layers, which are required for the definition of the application area, the involved stakeholders, the SES requirements, and the stakeholders’ objectives
Summary
One of the main global imperatives in preventing climate change from causing irreversible damage to the planet is to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050 This necessitates the reduction in energy demand by at least 0.19% per year, and the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) to be pushed to above 85% of production by 2050 [1]. The necessary flexibility in the energy system is provided through a combination of different forms, including controllable generation plants and consumption (demand responses), storage, conversions, and exchanges with interconnected systems [3]. Such flexibility forms can defer the deployment of new conventional generation plants, leading to reduced consumption of fossil fuels. SESs are principally referred to “cost-effective, sustainable and secure energy systems in which renewable energy generation, infrastructure and energy consumption are integrated and coordinated through energy services, active users and enabling technologies” [5]
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