Abstract
This paper introduces an energy-analysis of the flow of electrical charges and magnetic flux in addition to the flow of heat into a thermodynamic system. The analysis depends on the results of a held experiment on a magnet that attracted iron balls and a Faraday’s discovery as well as similarities between the laws characterizing the flow of electric charges, magnetic flux and heat. As the electric charge and magnetic flux produce entropy changes in some applications as magnetic hysteresis and capacitive deionization, we may express the electric charges and magnetic flux in terms of entropy changes times their corresponding potentials by analogy to expressing heat as a product of temperature and entropy changes. Introducing such postulates into the held energy-analysis; a new fundamental equation of thermodynamics that embraces the flow of electric charges and magnetic flux in terms of the electric and magnetic potentials was derived. The derived equation proved its truth in numerous studies of general energy interactions. Such postulates help also in defining the electric charge and magnetic flux as categories of electromagnetic waves of assigned electric or magnetic potentials and offer plausible explanations of newly discovered phenomena in the fields of electromagnetism and thermodynamics as Kerr effect and magnetic expansion.
Highlights
A simple experiment was run on a control mass that encloses a permanent magnet immersed in a water basin
Reviewing experimentally and analytically the similarity and analogy between heat, electric charges and magnetic flux, the electric charge and magnetic flux were proved as special categories of energy or modified forms electromagnetic waves that have electrical or magnetic potentials
Previous analysis served in expressing the magnetic flux and electric charges in terms of entropy change times a corresponding potential by analogy to heat flux. Introducing such postulates into the first law of thermodynamics led to a modified fundamental equation that embrace electric charge and magnetic flux as mechanisms of energy transfer
Summary
A simple experiment was run on a control mass that encloses a permanent magnet immersed in a water basin. Thermodynamic work required to separate solutions during capacitive deionization processes is fully expressed in terms of decrease of the system’s entropy [6] According to such conclusions; it is possible to postulate the magnetic flux and electric charges in terms of entropy change times a corresponding potential by analogy to heat flux which is expressed in terms of temperature, as a thermal or heat potential, and the corresponding change of entropy. Introducing such postulates into the first law of thermodynamics led to a fundamental equation that embrace electric charge and magnetic flux as mechanisms of energy transfer and that proved its “trueness”. Such postulates offer many plausible explanations for phenomena in the fields of thermodynamics and electromagnetism [8] as the magnetic expansion [9], Kerr effect [10] and the phenomena of discharge of clouds, colours of charges and magnetic dipole moments
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