Abstract

This paper presents a low power Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying (GFSK) transceiver (TRX) with high efficiency power management unit and integrated Single-Pole Double-Throw switch for Bluetooth low energy application. Receiver (RX) is implemented with the RF front-end with an inductor-less low-noise transconductance amplifier and 25% duty-cycle current-driven passive mixers, and low-IF baseband analog with a complex Band Pass Filter(BPF). A transmitter (TX) employs an analog phase-locked loop (PLL) with one-point GFSK modulation and class-D digital Power Amplifier (PA) to reduce current consumption. In the analog PLL, low power Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is designed and the automatic bandwidth calibration is proposed to optimize bandwidth, settling time, and phase noise by adjusting the charge pump current, VCO gain, and resistor and capacitor values of the loop filter. The Analog Digital Converter (ADC) adopts straightforward architecture to reduce current consumption. The DC-DC buck converter operates by automatically selecting an optimum mode among triple modes, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM), and retention, depending on load current. The TRX is implemented using 1P6M 55-nm Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) technology and the die area is 1.79 mm2. TRX consumes 5 mW on RX and 6 mW on the TX when PA is 0-dBm. Measured sensitivity of RX is −95 dBm at 2.44 GHz. Efficiency of the DC-DC buck converter is over 89% when the load current is higher than 2.5 mA in the PWM mode. Quiescent current consumption is 400 nA from a supply voltage of 3 V in the retention mode.

Highlights

  • The Internet of Things (IoT) can be applied to various applications such as wearable devices, sensor networks, and health care [1]

  • This paper presents a low power FSK TRX with an integrated Single-Pole Double-Throw (SPDT) switch and high efficiency power management unit for bluetooth low-energy (BLE) application

  • It is implemented with the RF front-end with an inductor-less low noise transconductance amplifier (LNTA) and 25% duty-cycle current-driven passive mixers, and low IF baseband analog with complex BPF to reduce power consumption and area, and improve the image rejection ratio, respectively

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Summary

Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) can be applied to various applications such as wearable devices, sensor networks, and health care [1]. This paper proposes a method with wide bandwidth using one-point modulation for a low power operation. This paper proposes a high-gain, low-noise, low-power RF-FE that can only use an inductor-less low noise transconductance amplifier (LNTA) structure with LO of 25% duty ratio. Adaptive Power Control (APC) is applied to the dynamic latched comparator. External components such as inductor and capacitor for impedance matching, baluns, and a transmitter (TX) as well as a receiver (RX) switch can increase system cost and be area consuming on the PCB. This paper presents the low power, low-cost RF transceiver that can achieve excellent receiver sensitivity, dynamic range, and transmitter spurious performance.

BLE Transceiver Architecture
Building
Phase-Locked
Timing diagram of of the the DCOC
Analog
Analog to a Digital Converter
13. Schematic
DC-DC Buck Converter and LDO
M delay and Cinitial
Experimental Result
21. Measurement
30. Measured
Findings
Conclusions
Full Text
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