Abstract
Visual systems are composed of several visual devices whose interactions are not always deliberately designed but rather emerge from the self-organization of employees. Thus, these emergent interactions can be glossed over and the effectiveness of improving individual visual devices might be low. This paper addresses this gap by introducing a four-step framework for the analysis of visual systems, involving: the functional modelling of the target social-technical system; assessment of the existing visual devices; identification of emergent visual systems; and practical recommendations. The interactions between the visual devices are assumed to be mediated by the functions that use them. The framework was applied in an intensive care unit, based on interviews, questionnaires, document analysis, and observations. Twenty groups of visual devices and six visual systems were identified. Three propositions offer additional guidance for the framework application and for understanding the nature of visual systems, allowing for the analysis of emergent visual systems that otherwise can remain hidden in plain sight.
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