A fractal analysis of analyte–estrogen receptor binding and dissociation kinetics using biosensors: environmental effects

Abstract

A fractal analysis is used to model the binding and dissociation kinetics between analytes in solution and estrogen receptors (ER) immobilized on a sensor chip of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. Both cases are analyzed: unliganded as well as liganded. The influence of different ligands is also analyzed. A better understanding of the kinetics provides physical insights into the interactions and suggests means by which appropriate interactions (to promote correct signaling) and inappropriate interactions such as with xenoestrogens (to minimize inappropriate signaling and signaling deleterious to health) may be better controlled. The fractal approach is applied to analyte–ER interaction data available in the literature. Numerical values obtained for the binding and the dissociation rate coefficients are linked to the degree of roughness or heterogeneity (fractal dimension, D f ) present on the biosensor chip surface. In general, the binding and the dissociation rate coefficients are very sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity on the surface. For example, the binding rate coefficient, k, exhibits a 4.60 order of dependence on the fractal dimension, D f , for the binding of unliganded and liganded VDR mixed with GST–RXR in solution to Spp-1 VDRE (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 receptor element) DNA immobilized on a sensor chip surface (Cheskis and Freedman, Biochemistry 35 (1996) 3300–3318). A single-fractal analysis is adequate in some cases. In others (that exhibit complexities in the binding or the dissociation curves) a dual-fractal analysis is required to obtain a better fit. A predictive relationship is also presented for the ratio K A (=k/k d) as a function of the ratio of the fractal dimensions ( D f / D fd ). This has biomedical and environmental implications in that the dissociation and binding rate coefficients may be used to alleviate deleterious effects or enhance beneficial effects by selective modulation of the surface. The K A exhibits a 1 1 2 -order dependence on the ratio of the fractal dimensions for the ligand effects on VDR–RXR interaction with specific DNA.