A [formula omitted] order Active Disturbance Rejection Controller for coordinated frequency-voltage control of deregulated hybrid power system with optimal electric-vehicle integration

Abstract

The emergence of deregulation delivers a reliable operation of power system due to the fact that deregulated concept encourages competition among different power companies, thus avoiding monopoly. The present paper extends the idea of deregulation for a two-area hybrid power system establishing concurrent frequency-voltage control. The deregulated power system under consideration involves conventional-thermal, solar-thermal, wind-sources with appropriate non-linearities and present day electric-vehicles (EVs). This paper introduces a novel study showing the effects of large penetration of EVs with the utility grid. Furthermore, the optimal number of connected EVs for improved power system performance is examined.For establishing effective control, a 2nd order Active Disturbance Rejection-Controller (ADRC) with extended-state-observer is modelled as secondary controller. Magnetotacticbacteria optimization technique is used to determine the optimal parameter values. Simulation results depict a major reduction in the voltage and frequency deviations for proposed ADRC strategy with respect to industrially applied controllers. Also, a considerable reduction in steady state error values are obtained. Moreover, the ADRC gains prove to be robust enough under varying system conditions. The present study makes a way for further research on ADRC as a market ready controller.