A Formal Specification for the Collaborative Development of Learning Objects

Abstract

This paper addresses the need for means to clearly and unambiguously specify the concept of learning object (LO) by proposing and validating a Formal Learning Object Model (FLOM). FLOM makes it possible to formally specify the components considered essential in a learning object, as well as the development process of learning objects, which is necessarily collaborative. In order to accomplish this, FLOM relies on a composition model and a group model. The composition model describes the elements that make up a learning object and the way these elements must be assembled in order for them to be meaningful to a learner. The group model is based upon diagrams that identify roles and activities involved in the construction of LOs. As proposed, FLOM provides a notation that precisely characterizes learning objects on both component and interaction levels. Validation of FLOM has involved the implementation of a prototype as well as experimentation with actual learners. Initial results reveal the potential of collaboration in learning environments. In particular, learners in our model adopt an active role in the process of generating learning objects. This is a key shift that emphasizes the notion that learners demonstrate how well concepts have been mastered by designing LO components that convey their experience to other learners.