Abstract
Hadrons emerging from high-energy collisions, as it is the case for protons and pions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, can produce a damage to inorganic crystals that is specific and cumulative. The mechanism is well understood as due to bulk damage from fragments caused by fission. In this paper, the existing experimental evidence for lead tungstate, LYSO and cerium fluoride is summarised, a study using FLUKA simulations is described and its results are discussed and compared to measurements. The outcome corroborates the confidence in the predictive power of such simulations applied to inorganic scintillators, which are relevant to their adoption as scintillators for calorimetry.
Highlights
Fission track formationThe regions of damage left by fission fragments in minerals are commonly called “fission tracks” in literature
A FLUKA study towards predicting hadron-specific damage due to high-energy hadrons in inorganic crystals for calorimetry
: Hadrons emerging from high-energy collisions, as it is the case for protons and pions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, can produce a damage to inorganic crystals that is specific and cumulative
Summary
The regions of damage left by fission fragments in minerals are commonly called “fission tracks” in literature. They have been studied foremost as a natural phenomenon occurring in Muscovite mica that is found near a uranium-containing ore and in meteorites that have been exposed to highenergy hadrons from outer space. It is evident that track formation is observed above a material-specific ionisation density threshold which is common for all projectile hadrons in a given material, with inorganic materials exhibiting higher thresholds than organic ones. 1. tracks can be composed by regions of extended defects (“core zones” in literature, called segments see figure 2 right), with gaps of sparse damage in between [28, 29]; 2. 1. tracks can be composed by regions of extended defects (“core zones” in literature, called segments see figure 2 right), with gaps of sparse damage in between [28, 29]; 2. segment diameters amount to a few nanometers [30] and their length depends on the projectile; 3. light scatters against such segments; 4. the gaps in between segments contain only point defects and are etched more slowly [27]
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