Abstract
BackgroundCanine mammary tumors represent the most common neoplasm in female dogs, and the discovery of cancer biomarkers and their translation to clinical relevant assays is a key requirement in the war on cancer. Since the description of the ‘Warburg effect’, the reprogramming of metabolic pathways is considered a hallmark of pathological changes in cancer cells. In this study, we investigate the expression of two cancer-related metabolic enzymes, transketolase (TKT) and transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1), involved in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), an alternative metabolic pathway for glucose breakdown that could promote cancer by providing the precursors and energy required for rapidly growing cells.ResultsTKT and TKTL1 protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in canine normal (N = 6) and hyperplastic glands (N = 3), as well as in benign (N = 11) and malignant mammary tumors (N = 17). TKT expression was higher in hyperplastic lesions and in both benign and malignant tumors compared to the normal mammary gland, while TKTL1 levels were remarkably higher in hyperplastic lesions, simple adenomas and simple carcinomas than in the normal mammary glands (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis study reveals that the expression of a key PPP enzyme varies along the evolution of canine mammary neoplastic lesions, and supports a role of metabolic changes in the development of canine mammary tumors.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-0961-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Canine mammary tumors represent the most common neoplasm in female dogs, and the discovery of cancer biomarkers and their translation to clinical relevant assays is a key requirement in the war on cancer
Expression of TKT in canine mammary tissues Antibody reactivity was assessed on three normal mammary glands and three simple tubulo-papillary carcinomas by Western immunoblotting
TKT expression was found in all tissue types, normal mammary glands (n = 4/6, 66%; Immunoreactivity scores (IRS) = 0, range 0–4), hyperplastic lesions (n = 3/3, 100%; IRS = 6, range 1–9), complex adenomas (n =5/5, 100%; IRS = 4, range 1–9), simple adenomas (n 6/6, 100%; IRS = 5, range 1–9) complex carcinomas (n = 6/6, 100%; IRS = 6, range 1–12) and simple carcinomas (n = 11/11, 100%; IRS = 1, range 1–9) (Fig. 2) (Additional file 1)
Summary
Canine mammary tumors represent the most common neoplasm in female dogs, and the discovery of cancer biomarkers and their translation to clinical relevant assays is a key requirement in the war on cancer. Cancer is the leading cause of death in companion animals, and mammary tumor, the most common neoplasm in female dog, represents a serious issue in worldwide veterinary practice [1, 2]. Classical clinicopathological features are not always sufficient to predict the biological behavior of CMTs. A few studies employed proteomic approaches to identify proteins related to the development and the aggressiveness of canine mammary tumors [6,7,8,9]
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