A duopoly game model for pricing and green technology selection under cap-and-trade scheme

Under the scheme of Cap-and-Trade, carbon emissions have become important constraints that generating companies have to take into consideration when making their operational decisions, especially for the product pricing and green technology selection. In this paper, a two-party (one greener and one dirtier manufacturer) game model with green consumption preference considered is proposed. The equilibrium conditions including optimal prices and selection of green technology under different combinations of strategies are obtained. The study finds that whether greener or dirtier manufacturer will implement green technology mainly depends on different scenarios of cost and carbon emission reduction of green technology, and carbon emission for producing per unit of product. How to establish an effective mechanism to make both manufacturers cooperate in green technology implementation and carbon emission reduction is an interesting future research direction.

Faced with increasingly strict carbon emission control, high-emission enterprises need scientific and rational management systems and methods to strengthen carbon emission reduction management. Among the many management systems and methods, the carbon budget has become an effective emission reduction management tool, allowing the planning of carbon emissions and emission reduction activities and rational arrangement of economic inputs. However, judging from the research status and business practices in China and abroad, there is no general carbon budget system to guide the development of carbon emission and emission reduction activities. Based on this background, this paper first attempts to construct an enterprise carbon budget system comprising four sub-budgets: carbon emission, carbon emission reduction and cost, carbon emission rights trading, and carbon emission reduction net profit/loss. It draws on the idea of interactive control to consider the impact of changes in carbon prices, energy prices, and policy guidelines on carbon emission reductions and losses. A carbon budget management system based on interactive control is then constructed and applied to China National Aviation Holding Air China Group (AC Aviation). The research results show that the carbon budget system based on interactive control can dynamically adjust carbon emission reduction behavior based on changes in carbon and energy prices to make carbon budgeting a more viable carbon reduction tool and institutional arrangement.

Pricing behavior of monopoly market with the implementation of green technology decision under emission reduction subsidy policy

Endogenous green technology progress, green transition and carbon emissions

Carbon emission scenarios of China's power sector: Impact of controlling measures and carbon pricing mechanism

Green technology has received continuous attention and facing challenges of transformation because of the growing environmental concern, especially the carbon emissions resulting in global warming. In the Industry 4.0 era, green technology transforms into smart green technology benefits from the convergence with digital technologies. However, little research investigates the role of green and digital technology convergence (GDC) on carbon emission reduction. This study proposes a novel measurement of the GDC level of enterprise based on the network method and examines its pattern and dynamic. Moreover, we empirically analyze the impact of GDC on carbon emission reduction. Results show that GDC has a significant carbon reduction effect. Moreover, GDC reduces enterprises’ carbon emissions by improving green innovation quality. Furthermore, an enterprise’s technology convergence capability moderates the focal relationship. The heterogeneity analysis results reveal that the carbon reduction effect of GDC is stronger in large, state-owned, non-labor-intensive and heavy-pollution enterprises. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the fusion of greening and digitalization and provide useful insights for sustainable development policy-making.

Business communications: International case studies in English: Drew Rodgers. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, xvii + 151 pp.

Southeast Asia is rich in tropical forests and biodiversity but rapid deforestation and forest degradation have accelerated climate change and threatened sustainable development in the region. Carbon emission reductions through reducing deforestation and forest degradation, forest conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) have been a focal topic of the climate change mitigation since the Bali in 2007. However, only a handful of studies exist so far on this important issue that are suitable to inform the debate with estimates of carbon stocks and emission reductions or removals as a result of REDD+. Our study attempts to analyze the potential emission reductions and removals for a 35-year period under the REDD+ scheme. We start by developing land use change and forest harvesting models that are used to estimate carbon stock changes in natural forests and forest plantations in Southeast Asia. Carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation of natural forests were 1865.1, 1611.4, and 1300.4 TgCO2 year-1, respectively. With a hypothetical carbon project of 35 years beginning from 2015, carbon emission reductions were estimated at 817.6 TgCO2 year-1, of which about 10% was from reducing forest degradation. Carbon removals due to increase of forest plantations were 76.3 TgCO2 year-1 but the removals could be much higher if there is a new definition on the eligibility of forest plantations. Summing up together, about 893.9 TgCO2 of carbon credits could be achieved from implementing carbon project in Southeast Asia or about US $6.6 billion annually between 2015 and 2050 if carbon price in 2012 is used. In addition to reducing emissions, there are other benefits from carbon project implementation. This study suggests that REDD+ has great potential for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing carbon stocks in the forests. Without financial incentives, carbon project would not happen and therefore climate change will continue to threaten future development.

Impacts of carbon emissions allowance limitations on carbon price with power generation rights trading in China

Carbon trading volume and price forecasting in China using multiple machine learning models

Implementing a carbon pricing policy in any country remains a complex challenge, requiring the careful navigation of economic, social, and political factors to ensure policy coherence and stakeholder buy-in. Given the critical role of carbon pricing in achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, this study provides empirical evidence on the impact of carbon price implementation on carbon emission reductions globally. The study is motivated by the a priori assumption that carbon pricing policies incentivize polluters to adopt carbon-neutral technologies, leading to emission reductions. Using data from 30 jurisdictions between 1990 and 2020, comprising both developed economies and eight emerging markets where either a carbon tax, an emission trading system, or both have been implemented, we assess the effectiveness of carbon pricing mechanisms while controlling for economic growth, population, energy intensity, and environmental policy stringency. The findings confirm that carbon pricing leads to a significant reduction in emissions, with the Emission Trading System proving to be more effective in accelerating emission reductions than the carbon tax. Specifically, the Emission Trading System is associated with a 12.06% reduction in carbon emissions, compared to an 8.91% reduction under the carbon tax. These results underscore the importance of market-based mechanisms in driving decarbonization efforts. The findings also have critical policy implications, highlighting the need for tailored carbon pricing strategies that align with national economic structures and political contexts. Robustness checks and policy recommendations are provided to guide policymakers in designing effective carbon pricing frameworks to enhance climate mitigation efforts.

The impacts of widespread carbon emission trends possessed tremendous pressure for global food security, sustainable development, and ecosystems. Several temporal and spatial patterns of green technology have been adopted to reduce carbon emissions in different regions of China. In China, agriculture industries may have colossal importance for reducing carbon emissions. On the basis of the data from 1998 to 2018, the study uses the heterogeneous stochastic frontier model to quantify the carbon emission reduction potential of agricultural green technology progress in eastern, central, and western regions of China by using the heterogeneous stochastic frontier model. We also analyze the coefficient of variation and its spatial and temporal evolution pattern of carbon intensity decline potential index and explore the potential factors related to the agriculture green technology progress of China. The finding of the study revealed that the carbon emission rate in the agriculture industry of China is very high, whereas adopting green technology is slower because of economic and policy-related factors—the carbon emission of green technological progress. In terms of spatial variations, the changes in various regions were consistent with the overall fluctuating rate compared with the state of another country, but an increasing trend has been traced within the “east-central-west” regions. The overall regional differences are gradually trending, but differences between regions mainly cause them. The increase in the structure of the agricultural agriculture industry, the level of labor, and the increase in administrative environmental regulations will weaken the obstacles to the carbon emission reduction potential of green technological progress. The increase in urbanization, the level of the agricultural economy, and economic and environmental regulations will increase the carbon emission reduction potential of green technological progress. It is necessary to actively promote exchanges and cooperation in green agricultural technology and advanced management concepts, accelerate the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, and achieve the goal of peaking carbon emissions through regional coordinated development. Regionally, the overall external environment and the level of green technology progress in the western region need to be improved in all respects. The central and eastern regions need to focus on combining different policy tools to transform them from hindrance to promotion.

BackgroundSocietal pressures exist to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from farm animals, especially in beef cattle. Both total GHG and GHG emissions per unit of product decrease as productivity increases. Limitations of previous studies on GHG emissions are that they generally describe feed intake inadequately, assess the consequences of selection on particular traits only, or examine consequences for only part of the production chain. Here, we examine GHG emissions for the whole production chain, with the estimated cost of carbon included as an extra cost on traits in the breeding objective of the production system.MethodsWe examined an example beef production system where economic merit was measured from weaning to slaughter. The estimated cost of the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) associated with feed intake change is included in the economic values calculated for the breeding objective traits and comes in addition to the cost of the feed associated with trait change. GHG emission effects on the production system are accumulated over the breeding objective traits, and the reduction in GHG emissions is evaluated, for different carbon prices, both for the individual animal and the production system.ResultsMultiple-trait selection in beef cattle can reduce total GHG and GHG emissions per unit of product while increasing economic performance if the cost of feed in the breeding objective is high. When carbon price was $10, $20, $30 and $40/ton CO2-e, selection decreased total GHG emissions by 1.1, 1.6, 2.1 and 2.6% per generation, respectively. When the cost of feed for the breeding objective was low, selection reduced total GHG emissions only if carbon price was high (~ $80/ton CO2-e). Ignoring the costs of GHG emissions when feed cost was low substantially increased emissions (e.g. 4.4% per generation or ~ 8.8% in 10 years).ConclusionsThe ability to reduce GHG emissions in beef cattle depends on the cost of feed in the breeding objective of the production system. Multiple-trait selection will reduce emissions, while improving economic performance, if the cost of feed in the breeding objective is high. If it is low, greater growth will be favoured, leading to an increase in GHG emissions that may be undesirable.

The Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration is an important energy exporting and high-end chemical base in China, and is an important source of carbon emissions in China. The early achievement of peak carbon emissions in this region is particularly crucial to achieving the national carbon emission reduction targets. However, there is a lack of multi-factor system dynamics analysis of resource-dependent urban agglomerations in Northwest China, as most studies have focused on single or static aspects of developed urban agglomerations. This paper analyses the relationship between carbon emissions and their influencing factors, constructs a carbon emission system dynamics model for the Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration, and sets up different single regulation and comprehensive regulation scenarios to simulate and predict the carbon peak time, peak value, and emission reduction potential of each city and urban agglomeration under different scenarios. The results show that: (1) Hohhot and Baotou are expected to reach peak carbon by 2033 and 2031 respectively, under the baseline scenario, while other regions and the urban agglomeration will not be able to reach peak carbon by 2035. (2) Under single regulation scenarios, the effect of factors other than the energy consumption varies across cities, but the energy consumption and environmental protection input are the main factors affecting carbon emissions in the urban agglomeration. (3) A combination of the economic growth, industrial structure, energy policy, environmental protection, and technology investment is the best measure to achieve carbon peaking and enhance the carbon emission reduction in each region as soon as possible. In the future, we need to coordinate the economic development, energy structure optimisation and transformation, low-carbon transformation of industry, strengthen research on carbon sequestration technology, and further increase the investment in environmental protection to make the Hu-Bao-O-Yu urban agglomeration a resource-saving urban agglomeration with an optimal emission reduction.

The combining and cooperative effects of carbon price and technological innovation on carbon emission reduction: Evidence from China's industrial enterprises