Abstract
The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) has lately gained popularity as a means of facilitating a wide range of underwater applications. In the IoUT, underwater communication is best accomplished by the usage of acoustic waves, whereas the terrestrial communication between the surface sinks and the on-shore control stations is typically achieved using radio waves. As a result, the greatest portion of an IoUT is enabled by the underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN), where the specific issues provided by the use of acoustic waves, the underwater node mobility, and the localization difficulties have yet to be addressed. In this paper, we discuss the challenges faced by the IoUT in terms of the currently proposed routing protocols and propose a Directional Selective Power Routing Protocol (DSPR) to cope with most of these challenges. The proposed protocol (i.e., DSPR) uses the angle of arrival and the sender depth information to find the best direction to the surface sink. In addition, the DSPR uses selective power control to enhance the delivery ratio and ensure connectivity while reducing energy consumption. To testify the performance of the proposed protocol, intensive simulation experiments have been conducted. The simulation results show that the proposed DSPR protocol outperforms two variations of the fixed directional routing (DR) protocol and the variable power depth-based routing (VDBR) protocol in terms of energy consumption and delivery ratio. For instance, the proposed DSPR protocol achieves at least 8 times enhancement in energy consumption compared with VDBR. In addition, DSPR saves around 30% of energy consumption over the DR protocols when the network is mobile. Moreover, the DSPR protocol acquires a delivery ratio above 90% for static/dynamic scenarios in both sparse and dense networks.
Highlights
Recent years have witnessed a rise in the usage of Internet of things (IoT), where smart devices from different heterogeneous systems are connected to exchange data and form one homogeneous large system. e IoTs have been extended to include the underwater networks deployed in submarine environment such as oceans, seas, etc. is extension is uniquely identified as the Internet of underwater things (IoUT). e IoUT is a promising technology that connects around 72% of the Earth surface with the land-connected Internet
In [8], a shortest path routing protocol based on the vertical angle (SPRVA) is proposed. is protocol improves both energy efficiency and the end-to-end delay by using the directional approach. is protocol is similar to the protocol we proposed as both use the directional approach
We focused our attention on the issues and challenges that affect the protocol design for the underwater part of IoUT network
Summary
Recent years have witnessed a rise in the usage of Internet of things (IoT), where smart devices from different heterogeneous systems are connected to exchange data and form one homogeneous large system. e IoTs have been extended to include the underwater networks deployed in submarine environment such as oceans, seas, etc. is extension is uniquely identified as the Internet of underwater things (IoUT). e IoUT is a promising technology that connects around 72% of the Earth surface with the land-connected Internet. It is worth mentioning that the optical waves suffer sever attenuation in the underwater environment It can only be utilized at extremely high frequencies in the range of THz or in shallow water applications. The radio waves have been utilized in the shallow regions for real-time underwater applications, which require short latency and large bandwidth Another communication technology called magneto inductive (MI) has been proposed as a carrier for data communication in underwater wireless sensor networks. According to the aforementioned limitations of radio, optical, and MI systems, acoustic waves are extensively employed as an alternative carrier for data communication in deep underwater environments.
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