Abstract

Vitrification of aqueous samples is becoming an important technique for visualization of biological and colloidal dispersions and aggregates by electron microscopy. Vitrification prevents phase separation, rearrangement and problems of electron optics interaction with a crystalline matrix and artifact formation due to crystal growth. Vitrification also reduces radiation damage in some samples. Water can be vitrified with ultrafast cooling (> 100,000 K/s) by rapid plunging into melting ethane. Electron diffraction of bulk water films, thinned by blotting and cryo-fixed by quenching, has provided direct evidence for vitrification.

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