Abstract
We investigate the formation of thin ionic layers driven by electro-osmotic forces, that are commonly found in micro- and nano-channels. Recently, multi-layers have been reported in the literature. However, the relation between classical Debye layers and multi-layers, which is a practically and fundamentally important question, was previously unexplained. Here, we fill this gap by using a continuum approach to investigate the flow of lithium ions inside double-layered graphene sheets. Fluid flow, charge conductivity and thermal stability will be investigated. We show that the separation and strength of forces between the sheets, the external electric field and thermal effects determine the topology of the ionic layers between the graphene sheets.
Highlights
Double layers refer to the thin layers of charges, that form near the surface of objects, where the thickness of layers can be characterized by the Debye length
The present authors have successfully incorporated molecular and steric effects into the PNP equation to investigate particle-laden flow problems at the nanoscale[4,5], where the force fields are approximated by the mean field theory[23,24] and the steric effects are computed using the number density derived from the PNP equation
We show that the combination of the PNP equation and the mean field theory is a computationally effective method for describing the ionic flow inside regular nanomaterials, and can predict the double and multi-layers inside double-layered graphene
Summary
Double layers refer to the thin layers of charges, that form near the surface of objects, where the thickness of layers can be characterized by the Debye length. Shi et al.[18] predicted the path-independent properties of lithium ion batteries in multiple spatial and temporal scales Amongst those continuum approaches, the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equation[19,20,21] has proven to be extremely useful in scrutinizing ion transport inside systems with larger length scales. We show that the combination of the PNP equation and the mean field theory is a computationally effective method for describing the ionic flow inside regular nanomaterials, and can predict the double and multi-layers inside double-layered graphene. This provide a theoretical background for the establishment of the relation between different types of layers. Some approximate analytical treatments are provided to support our argument
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