A Computer Tool for Modelling CO2 Emissions in Driving Cycles for Spark Ignition Engines Powered by Biofuels

Karol Tucki

doi:10.3390/en14051400

Abstract

A driving cycle is a record intended to reflect the regular use of a given type of vehicle, presented as a speed profile recorded over a certain period of time. It is used for the assessment of engine pollutant emissions, fuel consumption analysis and environmental certification procedures. Different driving cycles are used, depending on the region of the world. In addition, drive cycles are used by car manufacturers to optimize vehicle drivelines. The basis of the work presented in the manuscript was a developed computer tool using tests on the Toyota Camry LE 2018 chassis dynamometer, the results of the optimization process of neural network structures and the properties of fuels and biofuels. As a result of the work of the computer tool, the consumption of petrol 95, ethanol, methanol, DME, CNG, LPG and CO2 emissions for the vehicle in question were analyzed in the following driving tests: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA US06 and EPA USSC03); Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP); Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET); Federal Test Procedure (FTP-75–EPA); New European Driving Cycle (NEDC); Random Cycle Low (×05); Random Cycle High (×95); Mobile Air Conditioning Test Procedure (MAC TP); Common Artemis Driving Cycles (CADC–Artemis); Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP).

Highlights

The dynamic development of technology, which the automotive industry has seen for many years, includes both achieving an appropriate level of vehicle performance and meeting appropriate environmental protection requirements [1,2,3,4]
The European Union (EU) has long been setting ambitious climate goals, which will not be achievable without reducing greenhouse gas emissions in transport—which consumes a third of the energy in the EU [13,14,15]
Neural network structures characterized by approximation properties were used to build a model enabling the determination of instantaneous fuel consumption values as a function of engine rotational speed and torque produced by the engine

Summary

Introduction

The dynamic development of technology, which the automotive industry has seen for many years, includes both achieving an appropriate level of vehicle performance and meeting appropriate environmental protection requirements [1,2,3,4]. The European Union (EU) has long been setting ambitious climate goals, which will not be achievable without reducing greenhouse gas emissions in transport—which consumes a third of the energy in the EU [13,14,15] It is the transport sector in the EU that accounts for almost 30% of total CO2 emissions, 72% of which comes from road transport [16,17]. Passenger cars are responsible for 60.7% of all CO2 emissions from road transport in Europe [18,19]

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Conclusion