Abstract
This article proposes a novel framework to develop computationally efficient energy consumption models of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles. The number of calculations in a conventional energy consumption model prevents the model’s usage in applications where time is limited. As many fleet operators around the world are in the process of transitioning towards electric vehicles, a computationally efficient energy consumption model will be valuable to analyse the vehicles they trial. A vehicle’s energy consumption depends on the vehicle characteristics, drive cycles and vehicle mass. The proposed modelling framework considers these aspects, is computationally efficient, and can be run using open source software packages. The framework is validated through two use cases: an electric bus and a diesel truck. The model error’s standard deviation is less 5% and its mean is less than 2%. The proposed model’s mean computation time is less than 20 ms, which is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the baseline model. Finally, a case study was performed to illustrate the usefulness of the modelling framework for a fleet operator.
Highlights
It is imperative to reduce carbon emissions to limit global warming from reaching dangerous levels [1]
The drive cycle vector in (21) for typical drive cycles can be stored in a memory, which can reduce the number of computations to calculate the energy or fuel requirements for different vehicles or gross vehicle weights
The diesel or electric energy consumption predicted by the computationally efficient (CE) model and baseline models were compared against the measurements across different drive cycles
Summary
It is imperative to reduce carbon emissions to limit global warming from reaching dangerous levels [1]. This understanding is crucial to the widespread adoption and implementation of low carbon vehicles into fleet operations Another potential use of the proposed modelling framework is the eco-driving system, which runs a real-time optimisation and informs an HGV driver or autonomous system how to control the vehicle to minimise fuel consumption. An advanced model predictive cruise control system that limits the fuel consumption rate and travel time between certain limits, exploiting vehicle-to-vehicle and infrastructureto-vehicle communication, while maintaining a safe inter-vehicular distance [7], is another potential use of the proposed computationally efficient modelling framework Heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses have a wide range of differing energy requirements depending on the vehicle type, payload, and drive cycle. The diesel HGV’s fuel consumption was measured in-service, while performing transport operations for a UK supermarket
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