Abstract
An in-depth investigation of the phenomena of escape fear, which has significant repercussions in the actual world, is carried out by means of sophisticated simulations. Specifically, this study makes use of a sophisticated two-dimensional cellular automaton (CA) model in order to decipher the complex dynamics that are characteristic of escape situations. The predicted characteristics, which include arch creation, disruptive interference, and self-organized queuing, are not only theoretical speculations; rather, they are manifestations of events that have been witnessed in our digital reality. Surprisingly, the simulations reveal a scale-free behaviour that had not been expected before, which adds an extra degree of complexity to the escape dynamics. There is a seamless integration of real-world restrictions into the simulations. These constraints include occupancy rates, pedestrian weariness, and the non-rigidity of bodies. In light of the fact that conducting experiments with actual systems presents both ethical and practical obstacles, numerical simulations have emerged as an indispensable instrument for investigating critical sampling rates, exit widths, and the substantial influence that these factors have on escape dynamics. Key Words: Self-organized queuing, Escape panic, Numerical simulations, Exit widths, Exit throughput rate, Pedestrian movement.
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