A comprehensive systematic review of the phenotypes and their role in improving medications and clinical results in the acute respiratory distress syndrome: exploring the potential of personalized therapy

Abstract

The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a disorder that can be severe and it is characterized by severe breathing difficulties, such as the various clinical risk factors, lung injury mechanisms, microbiological aspects and biological factors. The current systematic review intends to investigate the phenotypic diversity in ARDS and the possibility of individualized treatment in improving clinical outcomes. In the field of molecular phenotyping, biomarker panels show promise as useful tools for identifying patients who are at risk of developing ARDS, diagnosing the disease, assisting in risk assessment and allowing for ongoing observation. The hyper-inflammatory subphenotype is associated with diseases including metabolic acidosis, shock and worse clinical outcomes. Biologic phenotypes are taken into consideration, such as gene expression, common causal microbiologic infections and plasma protein biomarkers. This review underlines the variations in etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment responses for the diverse phenotypes, including subtypes of direct and indirect lung damage. We will talk about the significance of customizing research trials to the exact stage of lung damage that patients are experiencing, as well as premature treatment and preventive intervention and developed ARDS therapy. Customized therapy can become a reality as a result of improved clinical trial design and execution brought by a deeper comprehension of the interactions between various factors in ARDS.