Abstract
This review discusses biomass recalcitrance, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), application of DESs in biomass fractionation and processing (delignification, cellulose dissolution and saccharification, catalytic conversion, two-phase separation, and lignin valorization), and synergistic effect of DES with other methods (physical technologies and/or biological methods). Furthermore, this review elaborates on the impact of these technologies on energy consumption and environmental safety, as well as techno-economic analysis of biomass processing. DES pretreatment can remodel biomass by facilitating lignin removal, cellulose dissolution and enzymatic hydrolysis, and their conversion to bioproducts (5-hydroxymethylfurfural and carboxylic acids). The coupling of microwave heating to DES promotes DES biomass fractionation compared to conventional heating. DES improves the enzyme thermostability and residual activity during biomass fractionation. Overall, the combined technologies reduced energy consumption, and are a possible route to greener production for biorefineries.
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