A comprehensive review on the indazole based derivatives as targeted anticancer agents

Abstract

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, resulting in the deaths of millions of individuals. Owing to the development of drug resistance to conventional therapies, researchers have prioritised the design and development of highly effective novel anticancer agents. It remains an enormous challenge for scientists to develop new, effective cancer treatments. Indazoles are heterocyclic compounds that have received increasing attention as potential anticancer agents in recent years due to their unique structural features and diverse biological activities. They have been shown to act through various mechanisms, including inhibition of protein kinases, topoisomerase enzymes, and histone deacetylases. Several indazole derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their anticancer activity. Some of the most promising compounds have shown significant cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines, including breast, lung, colon, and prostate. This review highlights the current progress of indazole (benzopyrazole) derivatives in the field of anticancer drug development. This study presents a structure-activity relationship as well as the structures of the compounds with the corresponding IC50 values against multiple human cancer cell lines and enzymes. With this review we intend to provide insight into medicinal chemistry in order to optimize and produce safer, more effective, and more targeted anticancer therapeutics.