Abstract
Abstract Nitrogen and phosphorus removal and recovery are considered as one of the interventions to control water bodies' eutrophication by application of various methods. Adsorption is an effective method for phosphate and nitrate removal from wastewater. It is efficient, quick, easy, low-cost and environmentally friendly. Even though different adsorbents have been developed with excellent properties, lack of compilation, lack of consistency in operational conditions, and lack of other important parameters used for direct comparison and practical use selection were observed. The first aim of this review is to provide facts and figures on novel adsorbents used for nitrate, phosphate, and simultaneous nitrate-phosphate removal and recovery. Second, various adsorbents applied for nitrate and phosphate removal have been compared in terms of the number of cycles that the adsorbent used; retained removal capacity (RR); the removal capacity of the adsorbent considering the threshold limit settled by EU and EPA as equilibrium concentration for phosphate (q0.1) and nitrate (q10); and time to reach the equilibrium capacity (t90). Third, based on the aforementioned criteria, the best adsorbents are proposed and this is the key novelty of this review work. Moreover, future aspects and challenges regarding nitrate and phosphate removal and recovery are presented.
Highlights
Phosphorus and nitrogen are key compounds of fertilizers which can be considered as limiting nutrients for which there is no substitute (Rashidi Nodeh et al 2017)
Various adsorbents applied for nitrate and phosphate removal have been compared in terms of the number of cycles that the adsorbent used (Cycles); retained removal capacity (RR); the removal capacity of the adsorbent considering the threshold limit settled by European Union (EU) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as equilibrium concentration for phosphate (q0.1) and nitrate (q10); and time to reach this equilibrium capacity (t90)
A wide variety of adsorbents have been reported as efficient materials for the nitrate removal from wastewater, such as modified nano adsorbents (Suzaimi et al 2019), chitosan hydrogel beads (Chatterjee & Woo 2009), chitosan/PEG and chitosan/PVA polymer composites (Rajeswari et al 2016), cellulose nanocrystal modified with 3-chloropropyl trimethoxysilane (Manhooei et al 2019), modified steel slag (Yang et al 2017), amine cross-linked biosorbent (ACB) (Ren et al 2016), magnetic amine-cross linked biopolymer-based corn stalk (Song et al 2016), magnetic Co3O4/Fe3O4 doped polyaniline nanocomposite (Esmaeili Bidhendi et al 2019), activated carbon magnetic nanoparticles (Rezaei Kalantary et al 2016), local clay (Battas et al 2019), zeolites and hollow fiber membrane contactors (Sancho et al 2017), natural ion exchanger (Taylor et al 2010), raw aluminosilicate (RAS) and modified aluminosilicate (MAS)
Summary
Phosphorus and nitrogen are key compounds of fertilizers which can be considered as limiting nutrients for which there is no substitute (Rashidi Nodeh et al 2017). A wide variety of adsorbents have been reported as efficient materials for the nitrate removal from wastewater, such as modified nano adsorbents (Suzaimi et al 2019), chitosan hydrogel beads (Chatterjee & Woo 2009), chitosan/PEG and chitosan/PVA polymer composites (Rajeswari et al 2016), cellulose nanocrystal modified with 3-chloropropyl trimethoxysilane (Manhooei et al 2019), modified steel slag (Yang et al 2017), amine cross-linked biosorbent (ACB) (Ren et al 2016), magnetic amine-cross linked biopolymer-based corn stalk (Song et al 2016), magnetic Co3O4/Fe3O4 doped polyaniline nanocomposite (Esmaeili Bidhendi et al 2019), activated carbon magnetic nanoparticles (Rezaei Kalantary et al 2016), local clay (Battas et al 2019), zeolites and hollow fiber membrane contactors (Sancho et al 2017), natural ion exchanger (Taylor et al 2010), raw aluminosilicate (RAS) and modified aluminosilicate (MAS)
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