Abstract
Milk from different species has been exploited for the isolation of various functional ingredients for decades. Irrespective of the source, milk is considered as a complete food, as it provides essential nutrients required by the human body. Proteins and their fractions are valuable sources of bioactive peptides that might exert a health beneficial role in the human body such as immune-modulation, antioxidant activity, ACE-inhibitory activity, anti-neoplastic, anti-microbial, etc. In milk, bioactive peptides may either be present in their natural form or released from their parental proteins due to enzymatic action. The increasing interest in bioactive peptides among researchers has lately augmented the exploration of minor dairy species such as sheep, goat, camel, mithun, mare, and donkey. Alternative to cow, milk from minor dairy species have also been proven to be healthier from infancy to older age owing to their higher digestibility and other nutritive components. Therefore, realizing the significance of milk from such species and incentivized interest towards the derivatization of bioactive peptides, the present review highlights the significant research achievements on bioactive peptides from milk and milk products of minor dairy species.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Milk occupies an essential component of the human diet globally
The hydrolysate was tested for its antibacterial activity and the results demonstrated significantly higher antibacterial activity compared to the non-digested control
The results revealed that Enterococcus faecum DM33 fermented milk yielded peptides from casein and whey fractions which depicted the strongest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, while donkey milk fermented with Lactobacillus casei DM214 revealed the highest ACE inhibitory activity
Summary
Milk occupies an essential component of the human diet globally. Reports suggest that dairy products are being consumed by more than 6 billion people across the world (FAO 2013). In another study by Alhaj (2016), peptides possessing ACE inhibitory activity were identified from fermented camel milk of dromedary species. Nongonierma et al (2017) identified anti-diabetic peptides with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity, in camel milk protein hydrolysates.
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