A comprehensive review on application of the syringe in liquid- and solid-phase microextraction methods

Abstract

Sample preparation is a main analytical stage for the separation of the analyte from complex matrices. Nowadays, the tendency to be environmentally friendly, easy portability, cheap tools and miniaturize the sample preparation methods has resulted in the advancement of microextraction techniques. The syringe is known as available and low-cost equipment in analytical chemistry and also has shown widespread application in solid- and liquid-phase microextraction methods. In this review, we attempted to explain the role of syringes in solid- and liquid-phase microextraction methods, separately. The main used data source is the Web of Science database and a number of published articles from 2010 to 2019 are surveyed. In studied papers, the syringe did not only is used for injection, solvent pulling or filling but it had a main role in microextraction. The overall purpose of this review is to prepare a general overview of the different role of the syringe in various microextraction techniques including single-drop microextraction, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, solidified floating organic drop microextraction and solid-phase microextraction for diverse matrices and analytes. The classification of the role of syringes in the microextraction technique can be a perspective for new research and helps them to select efficient and cheap method, depending on the analyte under analysis.