Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a significant cause of blindness worldwide, particularly in individuals with diabetes. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical in preventing vision loss. However, existing treatments, including anti-VEGF therapies and laser photocoagulation, present several challenges such as frequent injections, side effects, and difficulties in targeting the root causes of the disease. This systematic review examines the innovations in intraocular drug delivery systems for treating DR, focusing on advancements such as sustained-release implants, nanotechnology-based approaches, and gene therapy. These emerging technologies aim to overcome barriers like the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and improve the efficacy of drug delivery to the retina. Sustained-release systems offer the potential for reducing injection frequency, while nanoparticles and liposomes enhance drug targeting and bioavailability. Gene therapy, which delivers therapeutic genes directly to retinal cells, represents a novel approach to addressing the underlying mechanisms of DR. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain, including improved drug targeting, patient compliance, and long-term safety. The review also highlights the need for interdisciplinary research and the integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, in enhancing DR treatment. Future studies should optimise these drug delivery platforms, explore combination therapies, and develop personalised treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes. Overall, the next generation of drug delivery systems holds great promise in transforming the management of Diabetic Retinopathy and preventing its progression to vision-threatening stages.
Published Version
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