A Comprehensive Review of HLA-DPB1 *05:01 in Hepatitis B: Cases and Sequencing Methods

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Background: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is critical in mediating immune responses by presenting peptides to T cells. Among the HLA loci, HLA-DPB1 is noteworthy for its role in immune regulation and disease susceptibility. The HLA-DPB1*05:01 allele, in particular has been associated with various immunological outcomes and disease processes, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Objective: This review aims to explore the association of HLA-DPB1*05:01 with HBV infection, disease progression, and vaccine response, while also discussing the methodologies employed for sequencing this allele. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and Google Scholar. Studies included in this review focused on HLA-DPB1*05:01 in the context of HBV, encompassing epidemiological research, clinical outcomes, and sequencing techniques. Results: The HLA-DPB1*05:01 allele plays a significant role in HBV infection, with its effects varying across different populations. In Caucasians, it is associated with spontaneous clearance of HBV, suggesting a protective role. Conversely, in East Asian and Chinese populations, it is linked to increased susceptibility to chronic HBV infection. This allele also influences disease progression, slowing progression to severe liver diseases in some populations but increasing risk in others. Additionally, HLA-DPB1*05:01 affects antiviral treatment efficacy and is associated with a higher likelihood of non-response to the hepatitis B vaccine. Conclusion: The HLA-DPB1*05:01 allele significantly impacts HBV infection outcomes, highlighting the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. While sequencing techniques provide detailed genetic analysis, variability in study methodologies and population-specific effects present challenges. Future research should address these limitations to enhance understanding of HLA-DPB1*05:01 and its role in HBV infection.