Abstract
The goal of our research was to develop a compound computational model with the ability to predict different variations of the “watercolor effects” and additional filling-in effects that are triggered by edges. The model is based on a filling-in mechanism solved by a Poisson equation, which considers the different gradients as “heat sources” after the gradients modification. The biased (modified) contours (edges) are ranked and determined according to their dominancy across the different chromatic and achromatic channels. The color and intensity of the perceived surface are calculated through a diffusive filling-in process of color triggered by the enhanced and biased edges of stimulus formed as a result of oriented double-opponent receptive fields. The model can successfully predict both the assimilative and non-assimilative watercolor effects, as well as a number of “conflicting” visual effects. Furthermore, the model can also predict the classic Craik–O'Brien–Cornsweet (COC) effect. In summary, our proposed computational model is able to predict most of the “conflicting” filling-in effects that derive from edges that have been recently described in the literature, and thus supports the theory that a shared visual mechanism is responsible for the vast variety of the “conflicting” filling-in effects that derive from edges.
Highlights
One of the most important goals of the higher levels of visual system processing is to reconstruct an appropriate representation of a surface after edge detection is performed by early vision
The second part presents the predictions of the model for the non-assimilative watercolor effect, while the third part presents the model predictions that relate to additional properties of the watercolor effect: the influence of the background luminance, and the effect of the inner color luminance on the perceived hue and the perceived brightness (Devinck et al, 2005, 2006; Cao et al, 2011; Kimura and Kuroki, 2014a,b)
Note that the most of the assimilative watercolor effects present the complementary colors of the inner contour (IC) and the outer contour (OC)
Summary
One of the most important goals of the higher levels of visual system processing is to reconstruct an appropriate representation of a surface after edge detection is performed by early vision Such tasks are attributed to the opponent receptive fields in the retina and in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). There are a number of visual phenomena and illusions that can provide information about the mechanisms that enable the reconstruction of surfaces from their edges. These include the watercolor illusions (Pinna et al, 2001) and the Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet illusion (Cornsweet, 1970). In this study we will concentrate mainly on developing a computational model for the watercolor illusions to include a prediction of “conflicting” watercolor effects
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