Abstract
BackgroundPersonality correlates highly with both cocaine and nicotine dependencies (CD, ND), and their co-morbid psychopathologies. However, little is known about the nature of these relationships. This study examined if environment (marriage) or genetics (a single SNP, CHRNA5*rs16969968) would moderate the correlation of personality with CD, ND and cocaine-induced paranoia (CIP) in African and European Americans (AAs, EAs).Methods1432 EAs and 1513 AAs were examined using logistic regression. Personality was assessed by NEO-PI-R, while CD, ND and CIP were diagnosed according to DSM-IV. ND and CD were examined as binary traits and for the analysis of CIP, subjects were divided into 3 groups: (A) Controls with no CIP; (B) CD cases without CIP; and (C) CD cases with CIP. Multiple testing was Bonferroni-corrected.ResultsFor CD and ND in the EA population, marital status proved to be a significant moderator in their relationship with openness only (OR = 1.90, 95%CI = 1.36–2.64, p = 1.54e-04 and OR = 2.12, 95%CI = 1.52–2.90, p = 4.65e-06 respectively). For CIP, marriage was observed to moderate its correlation with openness and neuroticism (OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.18–1.63, p = 7.64e-04 and OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.12–1.42, p = 1.27e-03 respectively). The correlations moderated by rs16969968 were those of conscientiousness and CD (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.23–2.12, p = 8.94e-04) as well as CIP (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.11–1.32, p = 4.93e-04 when comparing group A versus group C). No significant interactions were observed in AA population. The Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold was set to be 1.67e-03.ConclusionThe role of personality in CD and CIP may be interceded by both environment and genetics, while in ND by environment only.
Highlights
Substance use disorders pose a significant problem for society, with serious health-related, personal and economic consequences [1,2,3]
Subject recruitment and assessment Recruitment was conducted at four sites: 1437 participants recruited at the University ofConnecticut Health Center (UCONN, Farmington, CT), 885 participants at Yale University School of Medicine (New Haven, CT), 242 participants at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (UPENN, Philadelphia, PA) and 382 participants at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC, Charleston, SC)
All subjects were assessed with the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) [52,53], which yields a DSM-IV based lifetime diagnoses for a variety of psychiatric and substance use disorders
Summary
Substance use disorders pose a significant problem for society, with serious health-related, personal and economic consequences [1,2,3]. One of the most commonly exploited substances is nicotine [6] and it is frequently used in combination with other substances including cocaine [6,7,8,9]. Cocaine and nicotine dependences (ND and CD) are both known to be highly correlated with personality measures. They share similarities in their etiological factors, such as marital status and CHRNA5. This study examined if environment (marriage) or genetics (a single SNP, CHRNA5*rs16969968) would moderate the correlation of personality with CD, ND and cocaine-induced paranoia (CIP) in African and European Americans (AAs, EAs)
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