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Abstract
The ultrasonic treatment of metal products in liquid is used mainly to remove various kinds of contaminants from surfaces. The effects of ultrasound not only separate and remove contaminants, they also significantly impact the physical–mechanical and geometric properties of the surfaces of products if there is enough time for treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the dynamics of ultrasonic cavitation effects on the surface properties of 45 (ASTM M1044; DIN C45; GB 45) and 40Kh (AISI 5140; DIN 41Cr4; GB 40Cr) structural steels. During the study, changes in the structure, roughness, sub-roughness, and microhardness values of these materials were observed. The results showed significant changes in the considered characteristics. It was found that the process of cavitation erosion involves at least 3 stages. In the first stage, the geometric properties of the surface slightly change with the accumulation of internal stresses and an increase in microhardness. The second stage is characterized by structure refinement, increased roughness and sub-microroughness, and the development of surface erosion. In the third stage, when a certain limiting state is reached, there are no noticeable changes in the surface properties. The lengths of these stages and the quantitative characteristics of erosion for the considered materials differ significantly. It was found that the time required to reach the limiting state was longer for carbon steel than for alloy steel. The results can be used to improve the cleaning process, as well as to form the required surface properties of structural steels.
Highlights
Acoustic cavitation, based on the effects arising after imparting high-frequency vibrations into a processed medium, is an effective way of influencing the surface layers of metal products.Acoustic cavitation consists of the formation of bubbles caused by the rupture of the continuity of the liquid under the action of variable sound pressure
The results showed that the maximum cavitation activity was observed in the range of 7–20 ◦C, which was explained by a decrease in the vapor pressure contained in the liquid
The obtained results led to the following conclusions: 1. The growth of cavitation erosion along the treated surfaces for the materials under consideration showed significant differences, which were mainly pronounced during
Summary
Acoustic cavitation, based on the effects arising after imparting high-frequency vibrations into a processed medium, is an effective way of influencing the surface layers of metal products. Contemporary articles have been devoted to the development and study of new cavitationresistant materials (including non-metallic materials), coatings, methods of material production using additive technologies, and ultrasonic treatment of the melt [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43] An analysis of these studies, as well as those performed earlier [7,8,9,10,44,45,46,47,48], showed that the cavitation resistance of a material is determined by many factors, which include the chemical composition and microstructure of the material, the tendency for strain hardening, the microhardness of the structural elements, and the initial geometry of the surface. The use of ultrasonic liquid treatment leads to changes in the properties and geometry of the surface at the micro- and sub-microlevels In such cases, depending on the initial conditions and parameters of the processing mode, both an increase and decrease in roughness are possible, which can be used for various technological purposes. Studies on the use of ultrasonic cavitation erosion treatment for the widely used 40Kh (DIN, EN: 41 Cr 4; GB: 40 Cr; AISI: 5140) and 45 (DIN, EN: C45; GB: 45; ASTM: M 1044) structural steels are carried out in order to study the possibility of changing their surface properties
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