A Comparison of RSOC-Battery Hybrid Energy Storage for Microgrids in the Netherlands and India

Abstract

The importance of energy storage is steadily rising as electricity grids around the world become more reliant on intermittent renewable power sources such as solar PV and wind turbines. Apart from pumped hydro storage, which forms the bulk of existing energy storage, several other technologies are in development, such as batteries, super-capacitors, flywheels and synthetic e-fuels. Li-ion batteries are highly efficient and dynamic, while e-fuels have many advantages for large-scale seasonal storage. Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) are efficient electrochemical devices, which can play an important role in energy storage in the form of e-fuels in the near future. This paper seeks to show the advantages of rSOC systems in long-term energy storage. In particular, it seeks to compare the capital cost of a hybrid system to a purely Li-ion battery system.This paper focuses on the design of energy storage for isolated sustainable micro-grids. A hybrid system is designed, using Li-ion batteries for instantaneous grid balancing, and rSOC system for long-term storage in the form of hydrogen. The paper also focuses on the effect of the wind-solar energy mix and climate. For temperate and cloudy climates, Groningen in the Netherlands is used as an example. The Netherlands has a renewable energy mix of around 70% wind and 30% solar. For sunny tropical climates, Jodhpur in India is used, and India has a renewable energy mix of around 55% wind and 45% solar. Using hourly local data for solar irradiation and wind velocities, a simple algorithm is developed for system sizing. The generation as well as storage systems are sized for a constant consumption load of 20 kW (a constant load is considered to be a reasonable assumption for industrial loads, for example). The capital cost calculation includes the wind turbine(s), solar panels, battery bank, rSOC stack, and compressed hydrogen tank.The results show that the use of an rSOC-hydrogen module in a hybrid-energy storage system leads to significant capital cost reduction compared to a purely Li-ion battery-based system. As expected, this reduction is a result of the fact that power and energy-storage capacities are decoupled in an rSOC/e-fuel system, which means that a small rSOC stack can be used with a large tank, which is suitable for long-term seasonal storage. Hydrogen tanks also cost significantly less than batteries for the same energy capacity. The cost reduction for Jodhpur is more significant than for Groningen.The study also shows the significant effect of the local energy mix on the design of energy storage systems. Naturally, Jodhpur has more solar radiation and less seasonal variation in solar energy. But contrary to initial expectations, tropical Jodhpur requires larger energy seasonal storage facilities than temperate Groningen. This is because the small seasonal solar variation in Jodhpur is further compounded by the seasonal wind pattern, where the wind is strong in summer and weak in winter. On the other hand, the wind patterns are much more stable in Groningen, which largely neutralises the solar variation, especially since wind makes up 70% of the energy mix in Groningen. Figure 1