Abstract
Multipath arrival structures were measured using short pulse transmissions in various regions of the North Atlantic Ocean in the presence of a surface duct. These data were compared with the predictions obtained using the parabolic equation method, the multipath expansion method and classical ray techniques. Particular attention is drawn to the importance of energy which leaks through the duct and into bottom bounce or refracted modes and also the reverse leakage situation. It is pointed out that in some instances these “leaky” modes contain most of the received energy and that classical ray techniques must be avoided in this case. [Work supported by NAVSEA.]
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