Abstract
A new theoretical-numerical method has been developed which enables one to accurately and efficiently compute the entire two-dimensional (depth and range) low-frequency underwater acoustic field in realistic ocean environments. The theoretical development is based on the parabolic equation approximation [V.A. Fock, Electromagnetic Diffracfion Problems (Pergamon, 1965)] which automatically includes diffraction and all other full-wave effects, as well as depth- and range-dependent sound speeds and volume losses, and variable bathymetry. This parabolic wave equation is solved numerically using the split-step Fourier algorithm [R. H. Hardin and F. D. Tappert, SIAM Rev. 15, 423 (1973)] which is accurate, efficient, unconditionally stable, and is readily implemented. Operational computer programs based on this method have been used to reliably predict long-range underwater propagation effects in areas of practical interest. Representative results are displayed in the form of detailed computer-drawn decibel contours which illustrates SOFAR, BSR, surface duct, bottom bounce, and other modes of propagation in the presence of horizontal thermoclines, sea-mounts, and sea-ridges, migrating sound channel axes, multiple channels, and so forth.
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