Abstract
In this paper, response surface methodology (RSM) designs and an artificial neural network (ANN) are used to obtain the optimal conditions for the oxy-combustion of a corn–rape blend. The ignition temperature (Te) and burnout index (Df) were selected as the responses to be optimised, while the CO2/O2 molar ratio, the total flow, and the proportion of rape in the blend were chosen as the influencing factors. For the RSM designs, complete, Box–Behnken, and central composite designs were performed to assess the experimental results. By applying the RSM, it was found that the principal effects of the three factors were statistically significant to compute both responses. Only the interactions of the factors on Df were successfully described by the Box–Behnken model, while the complete design model was adequate to describe such interactions on both responses. The central composite design was found to be inadequate to describe the factor interactions. Nevertheless, the three methods predicted the optimal conditions properly, due to the cancellation of net positive and negative errors in the mathematical adjustment. The ANN presented the highest regression coefficient of all methods tested and needed only 20 experiments to reach the best predictions, compared with the 32 experiments needed by the best RSM method. Hence, the ANN was found to be the most efficient model, in terms of good prediction ability and a low resource requirement. Finally, the optimum point was found to be a CO2/O2 molar ratio of 3.3, a total flow of 108 mL/min, and 61% of rape in the biomass blend.
Highlights
Throughout the world, in developed countries with high populations (e.g., Mexico, Brazil, India, and China) and those countries which consume the most energy per capita (e.g., Iceland, Canada, the U.S, and so on) [1,2], there has been a continuous increase in demand for energy production
As corn and rape are lignocellulosic bioresidues, the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin compositions of the bioresidues were determined by duplicate analyses of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and crude fibre [39] in ground samples using an Ankom 200 fibre analyser, New York, NY, USA
In another work [47], we proved that this size was good enough to obtain a uniform distribution of temperature and concentration within the particle and limit external resistances to heat and mass transport
Summary
Throughout the world, in developed countries with high populations (e.g., Mexico, Brazil, India, and China) and those countries which consume the most energy per capita (e.g., Iceland, Canada, the U.S, and so on) [1,2], there has been a continuous increase in demand for energy production. Extreme weather events already account for 91% of all major disasters and 77% of recorded economic losses from natural disasters [5] To avoid this situation, greenhouse gas emissions—mainly produced by the combustion of fossil fuels—must be dramatically reduced in the coming years [6,7,8]. The European Union (EU) has planned a linear reduction factor of 2.2% for CO2 emissions over the decade (i.e., 2021–2030) [9]
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