A comparative study of the method of Williamson Hall and the pattern of cadmium oxide nanoparticles for X-rays

Esraa Ahmed Mohammed

doi:10.17762/turcomat.v12i4.576

Abstract

X-ray difraction (XRD) is an effective non-destructive instrument used in the determination and analysis of amorphous and crystalline materials. Three basic elements are the X-ray diffractometers: the X-ray tube, a retention of samples and an X-ray detector. In many industries such as diodes, transistors, detectors, solar and photovoltaic cells, cadmium oxide CdO nanoparticles are used. For this analysis, CdO nanoparticles are semi-conductors (type) and band-gaps of 2.5 eV and 1.98 eV in direct and indirect bands using cadmium oxide. Several temperatures, effects and parameters such as texture coefficient (TC), dislocation density(μ), special area (SSA), and micro strain were measured and determined (S). The peaks of the analysis were the extension of the nano structure, crystal size and grid pressure of the CdO and were measured using the Size Train Plot of Williamson-Hall (SSP). The composition of the particle is the cubic fluorite and spatial group Fm-3m (225). In the peaks resulting from the calcination process, strain enlargement was observed. Accordingly, the above procedure determined all physical parameters as a result of the diffraction effects.

Highlights

PlanningThe maximum expansion of the Williamson-hall CDO nano-structure and other methods such as Debye Scherrrer, modified Scherrrer and an integrated distance, frequently applied with different calcinating temperatures and effects on size and strain, are examined (S)
Nanoparticles from hydroxyapatite (HA) have been prepared using a synthesis of the microwave in (2010) K
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the hydroxyapatite (HA) diffraction peaks were well crystallized with a hexagonal structure

Summary

Planning

The maximum expansion of the Williamson-hall CDO nano-structure and other methods such as Debye Scherrrer, modified Scherrrer and an integrated distance, frequently applied with different calcinating temperatures and effects on size and strain, are examined (S)

Diffraction of X-ray

Density of dislocation

Coefficient of texture

Different calcination temperature X-ray diffraction pattern

Concluding