A comparative study of the clearance of respirable para-aramid, chrysotile and glass fibres from rat lungs

Abstract

A number of studies have indicated that the relative toxicity of different fibre types after inhalation is related to their durability within lung tissue. The aim of this study was to assess the relative biopersistence of respirable para-aramid fibrils, chrysotile asbestos and code 100/475 glass fibres in rat lungs. The biopersistence of all three test fibres was measured by quantifying the changes in retained lung burden through time following 10 days inhalation exposure to the same target concentration (700 fibres ml−1) for each fibre type. The lung burden analyses for all three fibre types show large reductions in number and volume of retained fibres during the 16 months following exposure. Most of this reduction in lung fibre burden occurred during the first 3 months following exposure but the pattern of clearance of different size classes varies with fibre type. The para-aramid data show rapid clearance of the longest fibrils during the first months following exposure, combined with an initial increase in the numbers of shorter fibrils. This is consistent with the disintegration of para-aramid fibrils into shorter fragments that subsequently are more readily cleared by macrophages. The code 100/475 glass fibre data also show rapid clearance of the longer fibres combined with an increase in the numbers of very short fibres, consistent with the removal of long fibres through disintegration. In contrast, the chrysotile data show a more rapid reduction in the numbers of retained short fibres than of long fibres, which is consistent with preferential clearance of short fibres by macrophages and minimal transverse breakage of fibres. The biopersistence of all three fibre types, in terms of overall percentage of fibres retained after 16 months is similar, but the durability of long ( > 15 μm) chrysotile fibres is very much greater than that of long fibres of code 100/475 glass or para-aramid. The clearance of the three fibre types cannot be adequately described by the first order kinetic model that is often applied in studies of lung clearance. The apparent half time of clearance of each of the fibre types depends on the size fraction and time interval examined.