Collegium Ramazzini: Comments on the 2014 Helsinki consensus report on asbestos.

Abstract

The Collegium Ramazzini is an international scientific society that examines critical issues in occupational and environmental medicine with a view towards action to prevent disease and promote health. The Collegium derives its name from Bernardino Ramazzini, the father of occupational medicine, a professor of medicine of the Universities of Modena and Padua in the late 1600s and the early 1700s. The Collegium is comprised of 180 physicians and scientists from 35 countries, each of whom is elected to membership. The Collegium is independent of commercial interests. The Collegium Ramazzini recognizes the work of the 2014 expert committee convened by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) to update the 1997 and 2000 Helsinki criteria on Asbestos, Asbestosis, and Cancer in light of new advances in research. The published consensus report of the Helsinki Committee [Wolff et al., 2015] and its more extensive on-line version (Helsinki Criteria Update 2014 Asbestos, Asbestosis, and Cancer) provide a valuable synthesis of many aspects of current knowledge of the hazards of asbestos. The Collegium Ramazzini is, however, very concerned about the sections of the 2014 Helsinki consensus report that discuss criteria for pathological diagnosis of the diseases caused by asbestos. The sections of the Helsinki report dealing with pathology diagnosis are based on a selective reading of the medical literature. They rely overly much on certain published articles [Srebro et al., 1995; Butnor et al., 2003; Roggli et al., 2010] while omitting reference to other important and highly relevant information. They are heavily influenced by the outdated and incorrect concept that analysis of lung tissue for asbestos fibers and asbestos bodies can provide data to contradict exposures that are documented in a reliable occupational history. Further, without any explanation the most accepted College of American Pathologists (CAP)-NIOSH 1982 asbestos definition which underwent extensive review and endorsement by NIOSH is now replaced in the 2014 Helsinki criteria by the more restrictive CAP/Pulmonary Pathology Society (PPS) modification which differs especially in the early histological stages of asbestosis and in the higher numbers of asbestos bodies needed to make the pathological diagnosis of asbestosis [Hammar and Abraham, 2015]. For these reasons, relying on lung tissue analysis for the diagnosis and compensation of asbestos-related disease—while ignoring the history of occupational exposure—is unacceptable. Application of these recommendations will cause harm to the health of workers and their families in countries around the world. Over-reliance on the detection of “asbestos bodies” as indicators of past exposure to asbestos. Chrysotile asbestos, the predominant form of asbestos in use today, is now recognized to rarely form asbestos bodies. Therefore, failure to detect asbestos bodies cannot be used as a criterion for excluding exposure to chrysotile asbestos. Reliance on the detection of asbestos bodies as an index of past exposure to asbestos may lead to false negative diagnoses [Dodson, 2011; Hammar and Abraham, 2015]. The Collegium Ramazzini is particularly critical of the suggestion in the 2014 Helsinki consensus report that a finding of “over 1000 asbestos bodies per gram of dry tissue (100 asbestos bodies per gram of wet tissue) or over 1 asbestos body per milliliter of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as measured by light microscopy in a qualified laboratory” can be used as a guideline “to identify persons with a high probability of exposure to asbestos dust.” This suggestion is not consistent with the current recognition that chrysotile asbestos rarely forms asbestos bodies. It omits any mention of what defines a “qualified laboratory.” It fails to address the well-documented variability across laboratories in both counting procedures and standards [Dodson et al., 1985, 2008]. And, it may lead to unethical, unnecessary, and risky surgical procedures (see below). The Collegium Ramazzini has no concern about using a finding of asbestos bodies as an indicator of past exposure to asbestos. However, there is no reliable basis for the proposed thresholds that must be met before such a conclusion is allowed; and the failure to find asbestos bodies cannot be used to contradict a reliable occupational history of exposure, particularly to chrysotile. Over-reliance on asbestos fiber counts in lung tissue as an indicator of past exposure to asbestos. Asbestos fiber counts obtained from human lung tissue are now recognized to be a highly insensitive measure of past exposure to chrysotile asbestos. Chrysotile asbestos fibers are now well documented to have only a short residence time in lung tissue and therefore, their measurement in the lung cannot be used as a measure of cumulative past exposure [Wagner et al., 1982; Baker, 1991; Kohyama and Suzuki, 1991; Churg and Wright, 1994; Finkelstein and Dufresne, 1999; Roggli et al., 2002; Suzuki and Yuen, 2002; Dodson et al., 2008; Egilman, 2009]. As with asbestos bodies, the Collegium Ramazzini has no concern about using a finding of asbestos fibers in lung tissue as an indicator of past exposure to asbestos. However, there is no reliable basis for the failure to find asbestos fibers in lung tissue to be used to contradict a reliable occupational history of exposure, particularly to chrysotile. Short asbestos fibers, less than 5 microns in length, are a further issue here and are not discussed in the Helsinki consensus report. These fibers were originally not counted by most laboratories because they were below the visibility limits of the phase contrast microscope. Today, they are readily visible under the electron microscope and are counted by some laboratories and not by others. The Helsinki report considers neither short asbestos fibers nor their possible contribution to the pathogenesis of asbestos-related diseases [Dodson et al., 2003, 2008; Suzuki et al., 2005; Abraham 2006]. Nor does it consider the well-documented wide intra- and inter-laboratory variability in procedures for the counting of short fibers [Dodson et al., 1985, 2008; Baker 1991]. Use of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at low magnification as a tool for evaluation of asbestos-related disease. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at low magnification should not be used for causal attribution in diagnosis of the diseases potentially caused by asbestos because it is incapable of detecting most chrysotile fibers [Roggli et al., 1986, 2002; Roggli, 1989; Baker, 1991]. An additional problem with microscopic screening of lung tissue for asbestos bodies and asbestos fibers by SEM at low magnification is that there is wide intra- and inter-laboratory variability in these procedures with no standardization of diagnostic procedures across laboratories [Dodson et al., 1985, 2008]. For all of these reasons, use of low-magnification SEM as a diagnostic instrument will lead to false-negative diagnoses, particularly in the case of individuals with a history of exposure to chrysotile. The Collegium Ramazzini recommends instead that the analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) should be the diagnostic instrument of choice for fiber analysis in cases of suspected exposure to asbestos [Upton et al., 1991]. There is no recognition that chrysotile is the predominant type of asbestos fiber found in pleural mesothelioma tissue. Multiple studies have demonstrated that chrysotile fibers are the predominant type of asbestos fiber found in pleural mesothelioma tissue. The relative abundance of chrysotile fibers in mesothelioma tissue contrasts with their relative scarcity in lung tissue [Wagner et al., 1982; Kohyama and Suzuki, 1991; Churg and Wright, 1994; Finkelstein and Dufresne, 1999; Suzuki and Yuen, 2002; Dodson et al., 2008; Egilman, 2009]. These concerns are not new or novel. Rather, they have been recognized for at least the past 25 years [Baker, 1991; Roggli et al., 2002]. As chrysotile has always been the vast majority of the asbestos used globally, and for at least the past 20 years has essentially been the only form of asbestos used, these concerns are all the more significant going forward. In conclusion, the Collegium Ramazzini emphasizes that a carefully obtained history of occupational exposure to asbestos is the cornerstone of an accurate diagnosis of the diseases caused by asbestos [Baur et al., 2015]. An occupational history taken by an experienced clinician and supplemented as necessary by an exposure assessment conducted by an experienced industrial hygienist is a far more sensitive and specific indicator of lung cancer risk from chrysotile asbestos than asbestos body counting or lung fiber burden analysis [Begin and Christman, 2001; WHO, 2009]. The Collegium Ramazzini recommends against any requirement for lung biopsy or for the use of lung tissue histopathology or fiber-counts from lung tissue as procedures for the diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis, including asbestosis, in medico-legal or compensation cases, because of the invasive and potentially risky nature of the lung biopsy [Raghu et al., 2011] and because the procedure is medically unnecessary. It is the opinion of the Collegium Ramazzini that such invasive diagnostic procedures are “never” ethically justified solely for medico-legal or compensation purposes, given that asbestos exposure can reliably be ascertained through a properly obtained occupational history. The Collegium Ramazzini notes that a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a diagnosis of exclusion. This diagnosis should never be made until exposures to asbestos and to other known exogenous causes of lung fibrosis have been carefully excluded which says cannot make diagnosis of IPF in setting of exposure to fibrosing agent [Raghu et al., 2011]. Professor Irving Selikoff, the Founder of the Collegium Ramazzini, stated 35 years ago that “Patients should be compensated if there is documented history of occupational exposure to asbestos” [Selikoff 1980]. This principle applies also to environmental exposures to asbestos. It still holds true today. Drs. Baur, Budnik, Soskolne and Woitowitz, and Dr. Landrigan as President of the Collegium Ramazzini, declare no conflict of interest. Dr. Oliver does medicolegal work on behalf of plaintiffs in asbestos litigation. Dr. Frank does asbestos medical legal work, primarily for plaintiffs. Dr. Welch occasionally serves as expert witness for individuals with asbestos disease. Dr. Lemen testifies in asbestos litigation, mainly on behalf of plaintiffs. Paul Landsbergis declares that he has no competing or conflicts of interest in the review and publication decision regarding this article. Rodney Ehrlich is a member of the Collegium Ramazzini.