Abstract

Aim: To ascertain early detection of possible kidney injuries in albino rats exposed to formaldehyde by assessing cystatin C, serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine. Materials/Methods: Thirty healthy adult male albino rats, weighing between 100 to 120 grams were randomly divided into three groups A, B and C. Group A served as control. Group B was exposed to low dose (100ppm of Formaldehyde), 3 hrs per day for four weeks, while group C was exposed to high Dose-200ppm of formaldehyde 3 hrs per day for four weeks. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were sacrificed by decapitation under chloroform anesthesia, and 4 ml of blood samples was collected from each rat into a plain bottle. The whole blood was allowed to clot, retracted and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and serum separated. The serum was stored at -20˚C until analyses for serum electrolytes, creatinine and cystatin C. Serum electrolytes were determined using Ion selective electrode, urea and creatinine were determined using spectrophotometric methods while cystatin C was analyzed using Eliza. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The concentrations of the serum electrolytes, sodium. Potassium, bicarbonate and chloride were compared across the three group, they were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Urea was significantly higher in group C when compared with low dose B and control group A (P<0.05). Also, when the low dose group B was compared with the high dose group C, it was statistically significant. Creatinine concentrations were significantly higher in group C when compared with the control group A, while group B was not significant when compared with group A. Finally, the cystatin C concentrations were also significant when groups B, C were compared with the control group. Conclusion: Formaldehyde exposures may induce a gradual deterioration of renal functions in chronically exposed albino rats. Serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine may not be sufficient to indicate an early signs of kidney damage. From the study, serum cystatin C may be a better marker of renal impairment in early stages.

Highlights

  • Formaldehyde was discovered in 1867 by the British chemist, August Wilheld Von Hofmann, it is a colorless gas, has flammable properties and irritating repugnant odor (IARC, 2006)

  • Group B was exposed to low dose (100ppm of Formaldehyde) for four weeks, while group C was exposed to high Dose-200ppm of Formaldehyde for four weeks

  • The serum was stored at -20 ̊C until analyses for serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine and cystatin C

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Summary

Introduction

Formaldehyde was discovered in 1867 by the British chemist, August Wilheld Von Hofmann, it is a colorless gas, has flammable properties and irritating repugnant odor (IARC, 2006). The use of formaldehyde solutions as fixative for biological specimens is a common practice across the globe, especially for the developing countries where infrastructure is often inadequate and the unstable supply of electricity has reduced the options for preservative techniques. Technicians in biological science laboratories, morticians in embalming centres and medical school students in dissection hall are regularly exposed to formaldehyde (Onyije et al, 2012; Elshaer and Mahmoud, 2017). The threshold limit value for formaldehyde is 0.3 ppm, which must never be exceeded (USEPA, 2010). Formaldehyde quickly metabolizes to formic acid (Girish et al, 2014). The measurement of formate levels indicates the severity of formaldehyde intoxication

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