Abstract
In the recent years, lithium-ion batteries have prevailed and dominated as the primary power sources for mobile electronic applications. Equally, their use in electric resources of transportation and other high-level applications is hindered to some certain extent. As a result, innovative fabrication of lithium-ion batteries based on best performing cathode materials should be developed as electrochemical performances of batteries depends largely on the electrode materials. Elemental doping and coating of cathode materials as a way of upgrading Li-ion batteries have gained interest and have modified most of the commonly used cathode materials. This has resulted in enhanced penetration of Li-ions, ionic mobility, electric conductivity and cyclability, with lesser capacity fading compared to traditional parent materials. The current paper reviews the role and effect of metal oxides as coatings for improvement of cathode materials in Li-ion batteries. For layered cathode materials, a clear evaluation of how metal oxide coatings sweep of metal ion dissolution, phase transitions and hydrofluoric acid attacks is detailed. Whereas the effective ways in which metal oxides suppress metal ion dissolution and capacity fading related to spinel cathode materials are explained. Lastly, challenges faced by olivine-type cathode materials, namely; low electronic conductivity and diffusion coefficient of Li+ ion, are discussed and recent findings on how metal oxide coatings could curb such limitations are outlined.
Highlights
Lithium ion batteries are known to have arguably an exceptional mixture of high energy and power density, making the science of batteries an outstanding technology within the energy sector, when compared to its counterparts [1]
Aykol et al [48] analyzed various ranges of s, p- and d-block binary metal oxides and fluorides as coating materials using a DFT-based thermodynamic design framework to study the hydrofluoric acid (HF)-scavenging mechanisms as suggested in experiments (Figure 7). Comparing their results with the available experimental data helped demonstrate that the HF-scavenging is more effective only when the fluoride layer can be formed as a product of the reaction
Research continues on developing innovative cathode materials to overcome minor and major disadvantages such as cost, energy density, power density, cycle life and safety
Summary
Lithium ion batteries are known to have arguably an exceptional mixture of high energy and power density, making the science of batteries an outstanding technology within the energy sector, when compared to its counterparts [1]. A significant element that prohibits the performance of batteries to its full potential is the active element of the positive electrode This has resulted in an intensive research, with special attention on oxides compounds based on transition-metal (TM) element, focusing on materials with structural properties that could facilitate large mobility of the Li+ ions in order to transfer energy during the redox reaction. Guan et al [20] reported recent progress surface coating on cathode materials and mentioned that coating can improve electrochemical properties through enhancing the conductivity, providing structural stability of materials, while limiting side reactions between the electrode and electrolyte. The present article reviews the recent developments in metal oxide coatings of three different families of cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, with in-depth discussion on the impact of coating on the degradation mechanism. Future viewpoints are presented with the purpose of providing further discussion and ideas on the rational design of coatings for long-lasting and better performing cathodes for the advancing Li-ion batteries in the proximate future
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