A comparative analysis on pull-out resistance and non-linear slip surfaces of single belled anchors in different layered sand deposits

Abstract

The pull-out resistance of single belled anchors and non-linear slip surfaces in two different layered sand deposits in respect to embedment ratios, diameter ratios and bell angles are evaluated from experimental study. The predicted pull-out resistances are computed by horizontal slice method, applied on observed slip surfaces from the dyed and non-dyed layers of sand deposits. The models can achieve higher pull-out resistance for higher embedment ratios, lesser diameter ratios and bell angles in both the sand deposits. The 45, 54 and 63° belled anchors are efficient to resist pull-out loads than 72° anchors. The pull-out resistance are correlated with respective slip surfaces, based on embedment ratios, width ratios and bell angles. The slip surfaces are concave inward, and upward and convex outward, and upward in pattern, based on sand deposits. Total 93% predicted results are within −10.72 to +09.83% variations comparison to observed data. Numerical analysis for comparatively larger models, based on PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION are found to closely following the similar trend of non-dimensional pull-out resistance and non-linear behaviour of slip surfaces of small-scale (1-g) laboratory models. The non-dimensional pull-out resistance obtained from PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION analysis are within +2.15 to ̶ 8.45% variation comparison to the observed data.