Abstract
Abstract. Sensing cellular adhesion via impedance measurements provides a versatile and easily accessible means for monitoring in-vitro cell cultures. Previous works used external electronics connected via cables to microelectrodes to achieve this goal, thus incurring parasitic impedance, electromagnetic interference, and bulky measurement setups. In this work we present a CMOS impedance-to-frequency converter integrated with biocompatible planar surface electrodes to make a compact and robust sensor chip for in-vitro cell monitoring. The system features an 8×8 array of individually addressable electrodes connected to four impedance-to-frequency converter circuits with externally adjustable biasing and square wave output. We present first measurement results obtained with the integrated electronics that demonstrate the successful operation of the system and show good agreement with models of the electrode and cell impedances.
Highlights
Quick and reliable information about the presence of bioactive substances in water can be vital in many situations
Chemical analysis technology has reached a maturity which allows the detection of a wide range of specific contaminants with high sensitivity, it is impractical to test for all relevant substances
Mucha sors, which combine biological elements with an electronic readout device to measure the reaction of living systems to a stimulus
Summary
Quick and reliable information about the presence of bioactive substances in water can be vital in many situations. Chemical analysis technology has reached a maturity which allows the detection of a wide range of specific contaminants with high sensitivity, it is impractical to test for all relevant substances. Chemical analyses by their nature cannot give information on the biological activity of substances. Published whole cell sensor systems used passive chips connected to external electronics. This is problematic because the signals generated by the transducers are very weak, making the systems susceptible to noise and interference. On-chip analog-to-digital conversion and data multiplexing reduce the number of external connections and further improve the robustness
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