Abstract
BackgroundFor many years, African Dust Storms (ADE) has been thought to be associated with high prevalence of asthma in Puerto Rico (PR). Endotoxins (ENX) have been associated with ADE particulate matter (PM) and are known to promote pro-inflammatory responses in lung cells of susceptible individuals through the Toll-like receptor (TLR2/4) signaling pathways. Genetic variants are plausible contributors to such susceptibility. Therefore, we have evaluated a series of nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR genes, which have been correlated positive and negatively to asthma prevalence and/or risk, in the Puerto Rican asthmatic population.MethodsThe following SNPs were evaluated in 62 asthmatics and 61 controls through Taqman® Real Time PCR Assay: TLR4 (+896A/G, +1196C/T, −6687A/G); TLR2 (+596C/T, −16934 T/A, +399A/G, +1349C/T) and CD14 (−159C/T, +1188C/G). Genotypes were assessed for asthma association employing an odds ratio (OR) analysis.ResultsMinor allele frequencies (n = 123) were determined for those variants as 0.07, 0.06, 0.35, 0.35, 0.37, 0.29, 0.04, 0.35 and 0.11, respectively. Two (+596C/T, +399A/G) TLR2 SNPs showed to be more represented in the asthmatic group by 89 % and 65 %, respectively. TLR4 SNP +896A/G analysis revealed only 1 G/G genotype (2 %) on the asthmatic group. The CD14 SNPs were similarly represented in the Puerto Rican population. Only the TLR2 +596 SNP was found to be significantly associated to asthma (OR = 3.24 for CT, 2.71 for TT) and particularly to females.ConclusionsThe identification of TLR SNPs will reveal potential candidates for gene-environment interactions in Puerto Ricans. As far as we know this is the first study to evaluate this type of TLR gene polymorphisms in Puerto Rican asthmatics, contributing to the current knowledge in the Hispanic population.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-016-0272-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
For many years, African Dust Storms (ADE) has been thought to be associated with high prevalence of asthma in Puerto Rico (PR)
Our study demonstrates an association between the TLR2 +596 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and asthma in Puerto Ricans
This variant is a potential gene-environment interaction candidate that may be able to modify the biological effects generated by exposure to environmental endotoxins in particle pollution, which are known to exacerbate asthmatic symptoms, and in that way modulate negative or positively the pro-inflammatory response in asthmatic individuals
Summary
African Dust Storms (ADE) has been thought to be associated with high prevalence of asthma in Puerto Rico (PR). Asthma poses a heavy burden, which has steeply increased in minorities, in Puerto Rican children [2]. Recent statistics from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2013 indicate that Puerto Ricans (18.8 %) had the higher asthma prevalence in the US; in adult females (15.6 %). In the island and in the US, Puerto Ricans have high asthma prevalence [3] which suggests a genetic association. Ledogar et al [7] found that Puerto Ricans living in New York City had asthma prevalence very similar to those living in the island (~16-18 %), especially pediatric patients from 0–12 yrs of age
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