Abstract
The history of colour is fascinating from a social and artistic viewpoint because it shows the way; use; and importance acquired. The use of colours date back to the Stone Age (the first news of cave paintings); colour has contributed to the social and symbolic development of civilizations. Colour has been associated with hierarchy; power and leadership in some of them. The advent of synthetic dyes has revolutionized the colour industry; and due to their low cost; their use has spread to different industrial sectors. Although the percentage of coloured wastewater discharged by the textile; food; pharmaceutical; cosmetic; and paper industries; among other productive areas; are unknown; the toxic effect and ecological implications of this discharged into water bodies are harmful. This review briefly shows the social and artistic history surrounding the discovery and use of natural and synthetic dyes. We summarise the environmental impact caused by the discharge of untreated or poorly treated coloured wastewater to water bodies; which has led to physical; chemical and biological treatments to reduce the colour units so as important physicochemical parameters. We also focus on laccase utility (EC 1.10.3.2), for discolouration enzymatic treatment of coloured wastewater, before its discharge into water bodies. Laccases (p-diphenol: oxidoreductase dioxide) are multicopper oxidoreductase enzymes widely distributed in plants, insects, bacteria, and fungi. Fungal laccases have employed for wastewater colour removal due to their high redox potential. This review includes an analysis of the stability of laccases, the factors that influence production at high scales to achieve discolouration of high volumes of contaminated wastewater, the biotechnological impact of laccases, and the degradation routes that some dyes may follow when using the laccase for colour removal
Highlights
The textile, paper, and leather industries are responsible for discharging a large volume of coloured wastewater into water bodies [1]
This review shows the need to know about synthetic dyes and how their discharge into water bodies causes an imbalance in the ecosystem
The most suitable removal of colour in wastewaters depends on the advantages of each type of treatment, the volume of wastewaters to treat, and the type and concentration of the dyes
Summary
The textile, paper, and leather industries are responsible for discharging a large volume of coloured wastewater into water bodies [1]. The anaerobic process is environmentally friendly, low cost and generates less sludge concerning aerobic treatments [10,11] Microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, yeasts and algae can discolour and even completely mineralize dyes [12,13]. Pleurotus ostreatus can produce among eight to eleven different laccase isoenzymes [20,37]; due to the complexity of liquid culture, growth time, production logistics and cost of solid culture, the larger-scale production using mushrooms is limited. We describe some strategies to eliminate synthetic dyes in wastewater and the strategies to mitigate the negative environmental effect, highlighting the application of laccases as a viable and economical alternative to treat coloured effluents before discharge into water bodies
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
